BIOC 2300 Lecture Notes - Lecture 18: Pyruvate Carboxylase, Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase, Oxaloacetic Acid
Carbohydrate Metabolism: Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis
February 26-29, 2016
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Graphical representations of the free energy changes of glycolysis:
• Steps 1,3 and 10 are irreversible reactions
o Good candidates for regulation
o Different reverse reactions are catalyzed by different enzymes for the synthesis of
glucose
Gluconeogenesis
• Humans use 160g of glucose per day
• In the absence of dietary carbs, glucose must be made from non-carbohydrate precursors
GLUCONEOGENSIS
• Brain need 75% of glucose
• No fatty acids in substrate!
• Net reaction: 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 6 ATP glucose + 2 NAD+ + 6 ADP
• Therefore, gluconeogenesis is exact reversal of glycolysis
Gluconeogenesis:
• Not a straight forward reversal of glycolysis
o Highly exergonic steps must be circumvented
o Reversible reactions are the same between processes
• Glucolytic enzymes not used in gluconeogenesis:
If glycolysis and glyconeogensis occurred simultaneously, there would be a net consumption of
ATP.
• NET: 4 ATP 4 ADP + 4 Pi
• Futile cycle
• Therefore, reciprocal reactions
Reminder: glucose phosphorylation by hexokinase has a large negative G
• Hexokinase reaction - G = -16.7
• Exact reversal: G = + 16.7
• Therefore, a different enzyme catalyzes gluconeogenesis
o Glucose phosphatase
• See net hydrolysis diagram*
Reversal of the alst step of glycolysis: for gluconeogenesis, the pyruvate is first converted to
oxaloacetate then to phosphoenolpyruvate
• Pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoelnolpyruvate carboxyl kinase (PEPCK) are two of the
most important gluconeogenic enzymes and regulatory proteins
• Pyruvate carboxylase – requires ATP to carboxylate pyruvate to oxaloacetate
• PEPCK –requires GTP to decarboxylates and phosphorylates oxaloacetate to PEP
find more resources at oneclass.com
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Document Summary
Graphical representations of the free energy changes of glycolysis: steps 1,3 and 10 are irreversible reactions, good candidates for regulation, different reverse reactions are catalyzed by different enzymes for the synthesis of glucose. Gluconeogenesis: humans use 160g of glucose per day. In the absence of dietary carbs, glucose must be made from non-carbohydrate precursors. Gluconeogensis: brain need 75% of glucose, no fatty acids in substrate, net reaction: 2 pyruvate + 2 nadh + 6 atp glucose + 2 nad+ + 6 adp, therefore, gluconeogenesis is exact reversal of glycolysis. Gluconeogenesis: not a straight forward reversal of glycolysis, highly exergonic steps must be circumvented, reversible reactions are the same between processes, glucolytic enzymes not used in gluconeogenesis: If glycolysis and glyconeogensis occurred simultaneously, there would be a net consumption of. Atp: net: 4 atp 4 adp + 4 pi, futile cycle, therefore, reciprocal reactions.