CHEM 208 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Personalized Medicine, Major Depressive Disorder, Prostaglandin

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21 Apr 2018

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Deals with the study of carbon containing compounds and their reactions. Among the cyclic structures, the arrangement of carbon atoms in 5- or 6-membered rings is quite common. The hexagonal (6-membered) ring with three single and three double bonds is called a benzene (c6h6) ring. Organic compounds are divided into some important families based on their characteristic functional group. A functional group can be visualized as a small structural unit or arrangement of atoms in a molecule that is the chemically functioning part of the molecule. In the case of drugs, the functional group(s) are responsible for their action. Functional groups may determine important parameters such as the rate of uptake and reaction as well as the time of residence of the drug in the body: alcohol, aldehyde, amine, carboxylic acid, ester, ether, ketone. From the sumerians (2200 bc) to the present, the discovery and usage of drugs has gone through a number of phases such as:

Related Questions

For each of the following, fill in the blank with the correct response. All of these fill-in-the-blank problems pertain to material covered in the sections on alkanes, alkenes and alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and hydrocarbon derivatives.

a. The first "organic" compound to be synthesized in the laboratory, rather than being isolated from nature, was _ _ _ _ _, which was prepared from _ _ _ _ _.

b. An organic compound whose carbon-carbon bonds are all single bonds is said to be _ _ _ _ _.

c. The general orientation of the four pairs of electrons around the carbon atoms in alkanes is _ _ _ _ _.

d. Alkanes in which the carbon atoms form a single unbranched chain are said to be _ _ _ _ _ alkanes.

e. Structural isomerism occurs when two molecules have the same number of each type of atom but exhibit a different arrangement of the _ _ _ _ _ between those atoms.

f. The systematic names of all saturated hydrocarbons have the ending _ _ _ _ _ added to a root name that indicates the number of carbon atoms in the molecule.

g. For branched hydrocarbon, the root name for the hydrocarbon comes from the number of carbon atoms in the _ _ _ _ _ continuous chain in the molecule.

h. The positions of substituents along the hydrocarbon framework of a molecule are indicated by the _ _ _ _ _ of the carbon atom to which the substituents are attached.

i. The major use of alkanes has been in _ _ _ _ _ reactions, as a source of heat and light.

j. With very reactive agents, such as the halogen elements, alkanes undergo _ _ _ _ _ reactions, whereby a new atom replaces one or more hydrogen atoms of the alkane.

k. Alkenes and alkynes are characterized by their ability to undergo rapid, complete _ _ _ _ _ reactions, by which other atoms attach themselves to the carbon atoms of the double or triple bond.

l. Unsaturated fats may be converted to saturated fats by the process of _ _ _ _ _.

m. Benzene is the parent member of the group of hydrocarbons called _ _ _ _ _ hydrocarbons.

n. An atom or group of atoms that imparts new and characteristic properties to an organic molecule is called a _ _ _ _ _ group.

o. A _ _ _ _ _ alcohol is one in which there is only one hydrocarbon group attached to the carbon atom holding the hydroxyl group.

p. The simplest alcohol, methanol, prepared industrially by the hydrogenation of _ _ _ _ _.

q. Ethanol is commonly prepared by the _ _ _ _ _ of certain sugars by yeast.

r. Both aldehydes and ketones contain the _ _ _ _ _ group, but they differ in where this group occurs along the hydrocarbon chain.

s. Aldehydes and ketones can be prepared by _ _ _ _ _ of the corresponding alcohol.

t. Organic acids, which contain the _ _ _ _ _ group, are typically weak acids.

u. The typical sweet-smelling compounds called _ _ _ _ _ result from the condensation reaction of organic acid with an _ _ _ _ _.

rubyzebra85

1.Structural isomer refers to organic compound that have the same molecular formula but different structure (bonding pattern is different). This problem is designed to guide you to explore structure isomer.

(a)Go ahead and write Lewis structure for butane (C₄H₁₀). You may draw four C atoms connect straight as like in train.

(b)In the above structure, four C atoms are connected straight in a line. If you move one C atom to the side (like 3 C atoms in a line, one connected to the middle C atom), after you supply all the H atoms to make all the C atoms saturated with 4-bonds each. Will the molecular formula for your structure drawn be different from butane?

( c) Structures you obtained in (a) and (b) are an example of structural isomers. What kind of name we can give to structure in (b) so we can differentiate it from structure in (a)?

2.Alkane is the basic building block of organic compound. We often write alkane chain as a group R. On this basic chain, we can add different functional group, like âOH for alcohol, -COOH for carboxylic acid.

(a)Methanol refers to CH₃OH. Ethanol refers to CH₃CH₂OH. Draw the Lewis structure for these two compounds.

(b) If you have a straight alkane chain, where does âOH group can be attached? How do you name it so you can know where âOH group is attached?

3. Give the Lewis structure for CH₃COOH. Give its systematic name and common name.

4. Ester refers to two alkane chains connected through a single O atom. Write the Lewis structure for this simplest kind of ester: CH₃OCH₃. Find its name and some common use.

5. Benzene molecular formula is C₆H₆. The six carbon atoms are connected to form a ring (hexagon). Draw the Lewis structure for C₆H₆. Do you think the six bond lengths between C-C atoms should be same or not according to your drawn Lewis structure?

questions 12-21

STEREOISOMERISM WITH MOLECULAR MODELS models regularly in your courve to view three-dimenstional structures as an aid to predicning behavior and reactivity. This exercise is dexigned to familiarize you wih stereaisomerism.As you build the madlels insdractor for credit befare leaving Your instractor may provide a key below, questians are posed that you should answer in your notebook You will need to show your work to your Enantiomers and Diastereomers Review the definitions of chirality center, enantioners, diastercomers, meso, and the symmetry elements (plane, axis, and center of symmetry). A chiral molecule cannot have a plane of symmetry, a cester of symmetry or an axis of symmetry greater than two-fold (i.e, mo less than 180Â° rotation). Leaming to recognize these clements, or the lack of them, is a skill best developed with models 1. Build a model of a tetrabedral carbon with three iferent grours atachod. (For consistency with thesc instructions use black, red, and two green atoms for these groups and use bonds of all the same length.) What elements of symmetry does this model have? 2. Is this model chiral 3. Build a second model that is a miror image of the first Compare the models; are these models superimposable? . If these models were actual molecules, how would you descrihe the relatiorship between them? S. Replace one green atom on each model with a blue atom such that they are mitror images of each other. What elements of symmetry do the models have 6. Are the models saperimposable? 7. Are the models chiral? 8. How would you describe the relaionship between molecules represented by these models? 9. Use the two models you have already built for this exercise. Exchange the pasitions of the green and blue aboms on on of the models so that the two models are now ideutical (superimposabile) Remove lbe black substituent from each model and join, with a single bond, the two carbons that still ave three substituents on each. How many chirality ceaters does this model have? 10. What elements of symmctry does this model bave? 11. Is the molecule chiral? 12. Construct a mirror imnge of the last model made and then cormpare the two models. Are the models 13. If these models were actual molecules, bow would you describe the relaionship between them? 14. Can one enantiomer be chiral and the other achiral? Why or why not? 15. Take gnc of the two models you have alrcady built. Switch the positions of the green and hlue substitvents that are attached to the saue carbou;, leave the other carbon unxbainged Now compare the two modcls again. Are the models still stcreoisomers? 16. Are they mirror images? 17. If these models were actual molecules, how would you describe the relationship between theu? 18. Now focus on the one model whnse substituents you switched. Does this model have any chirality centers How many? 19. What elements of symmetry does this model have? 20. Is this model chiral? Explain why or why not. 21. Draw a dash-wedge reprscntation of this model in both an clipsed and a staggered conformation, as shawn. Assume that red oxygen, green chlorine, blue nitrogen, and black cabon. Identity any chiral centers with an astcrisk. Rank the substituents on each chirality cente and assion each chirality center its correct sbsolute configuration (R or S) Staggered Organic Chemistry Leb Masual Harper College, Fall 2010 Eclipsed

CHEM 208 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Personalized Medicine, Major Depressive Disorder, Prostaglandin

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