BIOL 261 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Allosome, Allele Frequency, Outcrossing
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4 Mar 2018
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Monohybrid cross: the cross of two true-breeding species together and produce an hybrid. The monohybrid cross is the cross of those two hybrids together, leading to a 3:1 ratio. Genes: unit of inheritance that does the programmation of the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide. Alleles: alternative versions of genes that account for variations in inherited characters (one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome. ) Allele frequency: the relative frequency of an allele (variant of a gene) at a particular locus in a population (an empirical description, an empirical fact without a specific mechanism. ) Dominance: if the two alleles at a locus differ, then one, the dominant allele, determines the organism"s appearance; the other, the recessive allele, has no noticeable effect on the organism"s appearance. Monohybrid: offspring of parents that differ in only one genetic characteristic (heterozygous for one character)
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These all relate to exceptions to the inheritance patterns encountered by Mendel.â
Why do multiple and lethal alleles often result in modifications of the classic Mendelian monohybrid and dihybrid ratios?
Select the four correct statements.
-When an essential gene is mutated, it can result in a lethal phenotype. There are no classic Mendelian monohybrid and dihybrid ratios. |
-In the case of codominance, heterozygotes produce gene products from both alleles of a gene. Classic Mendelian monohybrid and dihybrid ratios are modified by codominance. |
-In the case of incomplete dominance, the phenotype of the heterozygote is distinct from and often intermediate to the phenotypes of homozygous individuals. Classic Mendelian monohybrid and dihybrid ratios are modified by incomplete dominance. |
-Genes exist in a large number of allelic versions and a diploid organism has two homologous gene loci that may be occupied by different alleles of the same gene. This can result in many different phenotypes for traits, which may not follow typical Mendelian ratios. |
-When an essential gene is mutated, it can result in a lethal phenotype. This results in a modification of classic Mendelian ratios. |
-The phenotype of the heterozygous genotype is distinct from and often intermediate to the phenotypes of the homozygous genotypes. The joint expression of both alleles in a heterozygote is called codominance. There are no classic Mendelian monohybrid and dihybrid ratios. |
-Genes exist in a large number of allelic versions, but in a diploid organism, only one allele of the gene can occupy one homologous gene loci. Classic Mendelian inheritance cannot explain this phenomenon. |
-Each gene produces a unique gene product. The effect of one allele in a heterozygote completely masks the effect of the other. Classic Mendelian genetics cannot explain this phenomenon. |