ACCO 340 Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: Cash Flow, Management Accounting, Management
Document Summary
Get access
Related Documents
Related Questions
ASSIGNMENT
Question:(1) Do a management Comment Letter to the Boardof Directors
(2) Do an analysis on Inventory Valuation and do arecommendation to the management
(3) Do an analysis on the Cost of Goods Sold and do arecommendation to management
DO THE ANALYSIS BASE ON US GAAP REQUIREMENTS ONINVENTORY VALUATION AND COST OF GOODS SOLD.
RECOMMENDATION SHOULD BE BASE ON GAAP ALSO.
Case Narrative
Scenario and Client Background
You are an audit senior at Smith, Brown, and Jones, PLC(SB&J) a public accounting firm. You have been assigned to theaudit of Northwest Technologies, Inc., (NWT) for fiscal year endingDecember 31, 2009. NWT is a publicly traded manufacturer ofcomputer chips.
NWT has been a good audit client of the firm for the prior sixyears (2003 through 2008), paying its fees on time, employingcooperative management, and complying with authoritative accountingpronouncements. During those years, however, NWT has been losingmarket share in an increasingly competitive global marketplace.Although NWTâs unit sales have been increasing each year, theydrastically lag behind industry increases. Currently, stagnation inthe computer chip and router markets is significantly reducing themarket demand for NWTâs chips. The companyâs stock has declined invalue from approximately $95 per share in 2003 to $32 per share in2009. Although some of this reduction can be attributed to thegeneral economic slow down, it is relatively greater than declinesin value of competitorsâ stock.
Despite these downward trends, however, NWT remains a widelyrecognized name in the computer chip market.
Planning Meeting
At the instruction of the engagement partner, Steve Smart, youhold a planning meeting with Samantha Strong, NWTâs CEO, to discusscurrent year events and plan the strategy for the upcoming audit.In your meeting, Samantha indicates that NWT is going to have avery good year, despite some difficulties in the recent past. Thecompanyâs main difficulty involves revocation of its line ofcredit: As a result of lower-than-expected sales volume last year,NWT violated its bad debt covenants, and the bank has refused torenew the line of credit. Samantha indicates, however, that a newdiscount policy which encourages customers to pay on a more timelybasis has increased cash flow, and operations have not beenhampered, despite the lack of credit from the bank.
Samantha further indicates that in May 2009, Jane Smith, CFO,resigned to pursue other opportunities. Jane was replaced as chieffinancial officer by Samanthaâs close personal friend, JonathanWhite. Samantha praises Jonathanâs mastery of accounting andreporting, commending his ability to record financial transactionsin ways that âmore accurately reflect the operations of thebusinessâ than had Janeâs methods. Samantha feels that Jonathanâsphilosophy is more practical than Janeâs âoverly conservativeâapproach to accounting. âJonathanâs logical approach to recordingtransactions and his ability to record results that better reflectour performance is doing wonders for our business. Just knowingthat we were doing things so wrong in the past has bothered metremendously,â Samantha states.
Samantha indicates that one of NWTâs major suppliers was on strikeduring June and July of the current year. During this strike, NWTwas forced to buy parts from another supplier at significantlyhigher costs. Nevertheless, Samantha explains, the companyâs bottomline did not suffer. The new CFO (Jonathan) performed a study ofthe overhead application process and redistributed items that wereincorrectly accounted for in the past. As a result of the loweroverhead cost allocation, Samantha indicates that product cost wassignificantly lower after the month of July than it had been inprior years. She explains: âDespite the increase in product costfor those two months during the strike, we experienced no negativegross profit impact because Jonathan reworked the overhead formulato reflect overhead costs more accurately. In fact, our productsare significantly cheaper than we thought. Now we can reduce salesprices and increase volume because of more competitivepricing.â
Samantha indicates that no other significant events occurred thisyear. She mentions a few âminor items,â such as the purchase of asignificant amount of fixed assets and a growth in the customerbase as a result of a new credit-granting policy.
While discussing your planning meeting with the audit partner, younote the following concerns and areas of risk:
Managements integrity (specifically concerns about the new CFO)â the drastic improvement in current year results.
Inventory valuation â the new overhead application formula
Propriety of cost of goods sold â the new overhead applicationformula
Possibility of a going concern issue â lack of bank funding
Valuation of reserves and liabilities
Potential risk of loss â new credit-granting policy
Audit Fieldwork
1. Salesand Cost of Goods Sold
In performing your regression analysis of sales and cost ofgoods sold, you note that, according to prior year work-papers,gross profit rates have averaged between 38% and 41% over the pastsix years (2003-2008). The client has provided the followingcurrent-year data for your analysis:
Month | Sales | COGS | Gross Profit Rate |
January | $14,534,672 | $8,867,134 | 38.99% |
February | 15,068,010 | 9,063,465 | 39.85% |
March | 14,835,456 | 8,968,979 | 39.54% |
April | 14,236,726 | 8,613,564 | 39.50% |
May | 15,255,664 | 8,974,685 | 41.17% |
June | 15,365,790 | 8,313,646 | 42.13% |
July | 15.489.454 | 9.016,465 | 41.79% |
August | 14,964,889 | 8,065,646 | 46.10% |
September | 15,032,469 | 8,074,656 | 46.29% |
October | 17,028,646 | 8,765,646 | 48.52% |
November | 18,900,644 | 9,564,698 | 49.39% |
December | 19,365,471 | 9,679,879 | 50.01% |
TOTAL | $189,077,891 | $105,968,463 |
In reviewing the data provided by the client, you note that salesincreased significantly in the last three months of the year.Additionally, you note that gross profit margins increasedbeginning in August and further increased beginning in October.Discussions with Richard Jones, accounting manager, indicate thefollowing:
Profit margins would have increased more beginning in June, butthe strike affected the cost of direct materials used inproduction.
The cost of goods sold formula was altered to exclude insurance,depreciation, and sales salaries. Jones indicated that such itemswere excluded from overhead because they are paid for and utilizedby non-production departments.
Overtime paid to production workers is now charged to the HumanResources Department as a fringe benefit. Such cost hashistorically been tracked in the production department and includedas a component of cost of goods sold. Jonathan White, the CFO,changed this policy under the rationale that this overtime premiumis given by the Human Resources Department as part of the newcontract it negotiated with the production workers, and should,therefore, be a Human Resourceâs expense and included as anadministration expense item on the income statement rather thanbeing included as a component of cost of goods sold. This policywent into effect in October.
In October, NWT initiated a special sales promotion in which thecompany shipped bulk quantities of computer chips to a significantnumber of customers. This is part of a campaign in which NWT istrying to promote the use of its products by making them readilyavailable in bulk to customers. NWT shipped these additionalquantities to customers âin good faith,â along with the customersâregular orders. In a letter to customers, NWT stated, âWe want tobe your supplier of choice for computer chips. Please accept thesechips for use in your production needs. If you do not need or usethem, you may return them within three months with no obligation.âNWT recorded a sale of goods and related account receivable uponshipment of these additional bulk quantities.
2. Fixed Asset Additions andDisposals
Remembering Samantha Strongâs statement that considerable fixedassets were purchased during the year, you ask Joseph Danna, fixedasset clerk in the accounting department, about the nature of thesefixed assets. Dana indicates that a significant portion of thefixed asset additions represents labor of company mechanics. Suchlabor was incurred during a routine, two-week plant shutdown inwhich each machine was thoroughly cleaned and inspected by themaintenance department. Additionally, plant walkways and work areaswere resurfaced. Joseph tells you that these costs were capitalizedbecause they enhance the useful lives of the machinery andequipment. Furthermore, all replacement parts bought during theyear for the machines (nuts, bolts, compressors, etc.) werecapitalized because they become part of the fixed asset.
When you ask Dana why these labor and replacement costs weretreated as fixed assets, he replies that Jonathan, the CFO, orderedthe change to the previous capitalization policy. Dana states thathe believes the new policy is correct because these items and laborcosts are ârelated to fixed assets and should be capitalized.â Whenyou contact Mr. White for confirmation of this new policy, hemaintains that capitalization treatment is correct for all theadditions.
Continuing your discussion of fixed assets, you ask whether anydisposals occurred during the year. Dana is not aware of any;however, he does tell you that such disposals occur at thediscretion of individual plant managers and are not brought to theattention of the accounting department.
3. Credit-Granting Policy
While talking to Richard Jones, accounting manager, you learn thatNWT is relaxing its credit-granting guidelines. In the past, onlythe credit manager could approve credit. Now, however, thecredit-approval procedure has been decentralized. Each credit clerkis responsible for a region of the market and is authorized togrant credit for that region without obtaining approval from thecredit manager. Furthermore, the clerks are also now responsiblefor determining bad-debts write-offs and recoveries for their ownregion based on whether or not, in their professional judgment,they feel that collection will be made. Jones tells you that thispolicy change was initiated âto empower the employees and create agreater sense of participation in management.â
Conclusion
When you complete the audit fieldwork, you report the progress tothe engagement partner, Steve Smart. Although NTâs net income hasincreased significantly in the current year and outpaced theindustry average, Steve is uneasy with this increase. He isconcerned that the companyâs sales policy is too aggressive andthat the accounting for certain sales is possibly not in accordancewith GAAP. Additionally, Steve is not sure whether the companyâsoverhead policies follow procedures recommended under GAAP. Steveis uncertain about the companyâs ability to continue as a goingconcern and about Smith, Brown, and Jonesâs ability to issue anunqualified opinion without significant adjustment to the financialstatements.
The following assignments are based on the information in thiscase narrative:
[1] This comprehensive audit engagement exercise set is adaptedfrom a case prepared by Ryan R. Fox of Deloitte and Touche,L.L.P.
The independent auditor is allowed to use a specialist for evaluating a complicated financial transaction provided the specialist is
| knowledgeable and independent of the audit client. |
| approved by the client's board of directors. |
| all of the above. |
| acceptable to the PCAOB. |
Inappropriately dating transfers of funds between bank accounts to cover shortages of cash is properly referred to as
| lapping. |
| reconciling. |
| kiting. |
| embezzling. |
Cash equivalents
| represent current assets that can be converted to cash within a year or an operating cycle, whichever is shorter. |
| include only cash and highly liquid investments that are virtually free of risk. |
| should be reported as investments and not be included as cash on the balance sheet. |
| typically exclude money market funds and treasury bills. |
A cut-off bank statement primarily is used to
| determine whether reconciling items on the year-end bank reconciliation have cleared the bank. |
| prepare a year-end bank reconciliation. |
| test for kiting. |
| confirm the year-end balance of cash. |
An imprest cash account
| typically is used for many large miscellaneous disbursements. |
| typically earns large amounts of interest. |
| is another name for the general cash account of an organization. |
| is an account containing a stipulated amount of money to be used for a specific purpose. |
An auditor may estimate the appropriate amount of interest expense to be recorded by an audit client by multiplying the average debt by the average interest rate. If the auditor's estimate is considerably larger than the client's recorded interest expense this would be evidence of a potential
| failure of the client to accrue interest expense at year end. |
| the violation of significant loan covenants. |
| overstatement of recorded interest expense. |
| understatement of long-term debt. |
Internal controls over fixed assets in a smaller entity
| usually include authorization by the board of directors. |
| typically will be very similar to internal controls over other assets within the entity. |
| must be the same as in larger entities. |
| are of little importance since fixed assets are not subject to theft or misuse. |
A change in depreciation methods employed by an audit client resulting in a material change in depreciation expense
| is not necessarily a violation of generally accepted accounting principles. |
| requires disclosure by the audit client in the footnotes to the financial statements. |
| must be noted in the audit opinion due to lack of consistency. |
| is properly described by all of the listed statements. |
Auditors typically assess inherent risk for material accounts requiring significant estimates as
| low. |
| high. |
| zero. |
| moderate. |
Which of the following loans from an audit client, which is a financial institution, made in accordance with the normal lending practices of the financial institution would impair the CPA's independence?
| A loan fully secured by certificates of deposit from the same financial institution. |
| A credit card loan in which the balance carried forward each month does not exceed $9,000. |
| An automobile loan secured by the automobile. |
| A home loan equal to less than 50% of the home's value and collateralized by the home. |
A CPA has obtained some original records from a client during the course of an audit engagement. At the completion of her audit according to the proper professional standards the client fired the CPA and demanded that the CPA return all of his original records immediately. Under these circumstances which of the following statements is most correct according to the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct?
| The CPA may hold the original records she obtained until the client pays for the services she has completed. |
| The CPA must return only the original records of the client upon demand regardless of the circumstances. |
| The CPA must return all original records and all copies of original records of the client upon demand regardless of the circumstances. |
| This is a matter of state law and not a matter covered by the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct. |