BIOL 2303 Lecture Notes - Lecture 21: Pertussis, Enterococcus, Tetanus

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chocolatecamel839

2 Nov 2020

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Question: explain why a temperate phage (one that has both lytic/lysogenic cycles) is not used in phage therapy. A temperate phage isn"t used because they don"t lyse the cell. The phage inserts its own genome into another bacterial cell and is incorporated into the chromosome which doesn"t actually kill the bacterial cell. Study of the occurrence and distribution of disease. Epidemic: larger area but not global, high number, limited time frame. Pandemic: global, high number, limited time frame. Endemic: local or global, low numbers, constantly present in the population. Transmission of infectious disease: direct transmission, requires direct or close contact, aerosols, respiratory infections, direct contact, ex. Leprosy, ebola: exchange of body fluids, stds, typically seen with pathogens that are not able to survive outside the human body (ex. Other organisms or inanimate objects: typically only seen with pathogens that can survive or even multiply outside the human host, via living, non-human carrier: vectors.

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Epidemiology: Please answer these questions

QUESTION 7. Choose the best answer. A test developed to assess age-related changes in bone density that does not pick up these changes has: low concurrent validity Low predictive validity None of the options listed here. Low construct validity

QUESTION 8. The figure on page 475 represents different combinations and qualities of validity and reliability (high vs. low). Which set of symbols represents low reliability? A B C Both A and C None of the above 0.5 points

QUESTION 9. The purpose of double-blinding in clinical trials is to: A. reduce error that results from the way in which the outcome is assessed B. reduce error that results from subjectsâ knowledge of their assignment to study conditions C. reduce error that results from non-random assignment to study conditions D. A and B only E. all of the above 0.5 points QUESTION 10 Sensitivity refers to the ability of a screening test to correctly identify all screened individuals who have a disease. True False

puceprairie-dog657

Please, help me answer the following questions on Chronic Diseases and Risks. No guess work, thank you!

QUESTION 1 Chronic diseases generally have several underlying characteristics, including a. A long latency period between exposure to risk and disease outcomes b. Low degree of preventability c. High curve rate d. None of the above

QUESTION 2 Which of the following risk factors collectively explain a significant proportion (not incidence) of most chronic diseases? a. Tobacco, alcohol, diet

b. Tobacco, alcohol, diet, physical activity c. Alcohol, physical activity d. Tobacco, diet, physical activity

QUESTION 3 Adherence to treatment is influenced by several interacting dimensions including a. Social and economic factors b. Healthcare system factors c. Condition-related factors

d. Therapy-related factors e. Patient related factors f. All of the above

QUESTION 4 _________ is the leading cause of cancer in both developed and developing countries worldwide a. Radiation exposure b. Tobacco use c. Pesticide exposure d. Air pollution QUESTION 5 This week's YouTube video on treating non-communicable diseases in Rwanda showed how a community health worker helps to treat heart disease, diabetes and _______ a. Cancer b. Asthma c. Hepatitis d. HIV/AIDS

QUESTION 6 Which of these are myths of chronic disease control a. Benefits of chronic disease control accrue not only to the individual but also to the population b. Economic growth improves all health conditions c. Chronic diseases are associated with low SES/poverty d. Chronic disease only occurs in the elderly e. a and c f. b and d

QUESTION 7 ___________ remains the leading cause of death among both men and women in low- and middle-income countries a. Cancer b. Cardiovascular disease c. Diabetes d. Obesity e. Respiratory disease

QUESTION 8 Chronic disease in adults accounts for approximately 60% of all deaths worldwide. True False

QUESTION 9 The WHO's Innovative Care for Chronic Conditions Framework includes a positive policy environment True False

QUESTION 10 It is estimated that the overall number of cancer cases will rise by 50% in the next 20 years. True False

periwinkleskunk371

True or False????? HELP

1. In the field of epidemiology, increased prevalence of a disease in a population is the universal signal that disease control and treatment are not effective.

2. Cytoplasmic membranes of prokaryotes typically contain more proteins than cytoplasmic membranes of eukaryotes microorganisms.
3. Sanger (or dideoxy) DNA sequencing produces relatively short DNA sequence data, but is by far the least expensive DNA sequencing method currently available.
4. The (italicizes) abbreviation lac Z refers explicitly to the beta galactosidase protein/ enzyme.
5. Archaeal pathogens have been linked to some of the most virulent infectious diseases. 6. A bacterial mutant that is unable to make an amino acid required for growth (relative to its wild-type strain is termed an auxotroph.
7. When counting plaques to enumerate phage particles (as in the BIOL2026 Laboratory), the plaque represents lacK, not presence, of bacterial growth.
8. Because of competition with plant roots for nutrients, microbial numbers in the rhizosphere are typically much lower than in surrounding bulk soil.
9. Chemolithoautotrophy is the strategy that facilitates the existence of biological communities deep beneath the earthâs surface and near hydrothermal vents.

10. In a primary treatment (1 Â°) system of a municipal sewage/ wastewater treatment plant, the main goal is to remove ammonium (NH4+) using specific bacterial enrichment cultures.
11. The small intestine in human is the main site of microbial breakdown of partially digested food.
12. Root nodules of legumes contain nitrogen fixing bacteria.
13. Anoxygenic photosynthesis involves using/ removing electrons from H2O.
14. Algae and Cyanobacteria utilize generally the same two-photosystem biochemical mechanisms in the light- reaction of photosynthesis.
15. In bacteria, the only known reason proton motive force is generated is to power ATP synthase in cellular respiration/ oxidative phosphorylation.
16. Anaerobic respiration is only carried out by prokaryotes, however fermentation can be carried out by both prokaryote and eukaryal microorganism.

17. The general structure and biochemical âmotorsâ of flagella are similar between Bacteria and eukaryotic cells, but fundamentally different in the Archaea.
18. Antibiotic resistance genes appeared in microbes (for the first time ever) only after human .. producing and releasing massive amounts of antibiotics to the environment.
19. Experiment by Esther Lederberg, and then later by Luria and Delbruck (that won them a Nobel prize), illustrated that genetic mutations in bacteria arose in the absence of selective pressures, rather than in response to selection.
20. Quaternary sensing is a mechanism used by bacteria to sense other bacteria and regulate gene expression accordingly (e.g. In the case of expressing the liac operon or initiating EPS production in biofilms).

BIOL 2303 Lecture Notes - Lecture 21: Pertussis, Enterococcus, Tetanus

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