BIOL 3P64 Lecture Notes - Lecture 13: Ceratopogonidae, Salivary Gland, Lyme Disease
5 May 2018
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Lecture 13: Detrimental Pests: Animal Pests
• Animal Pests
o Consist of parasites living in/on animal body
o Some insects vector animal diseases -> can affect humans too
o Effects: Physical damage, behavioural alterations, physiological changes, death
o Siphonaptera: fleas
o Diptera: flies
▪ Suborder: Nematocera (long horned): biting insects, mosquitoes, black flies
▪ Subsection of a suborder (Brachycera): Calyptratae: botflies, stable flies
o Hemiptera: Bed Bugs
o Non-insect: ticks/mites
• Animal Pests: Notes on Vectors
o Vetor: Orgais that doest ause disease itself ut spreads ifetio y oveyig pathoges fro host to host
o Mechanical Vector: transfers disease from one host to another, facilitating spread
▪ No development/reproduction w/n vector
▪ Simple transportation
o Biological Vector: organism in which disease reproduces & develops
▪ Life cycle of disease relies on vector
▪ Barriers to infection
• Successful biological vector: mist be able to pass two barriers of infection
• First Barrier: Midgut Wall
o Disease must be able to escape wall of midgut, so it can reproduce & spread throughout body
• Second Barrier: Salivary Gland Wall
o Disease must penetrate salivary gland wall
o Allows spreading to additional hosts when feeding
• Detection of virus/disease in different parts of body indicate what barriers have been passed
o Found in midgut: insect is able tp ingest the disease agent
o Found in wings/legs: disease passed 1st barrier (midgut)
▪ Extremities/appendages used for this purpose, processed separately from midgut & head
o Found in salivary gland: disease passed 2nd barrier
▪ At this poit, its likey that the iset is apale of vetorig disease
• Animal Pests: Examples
o Class: Arachnida, Subclass: Acari, Order: Parasitiformes , Suborder: Ixodida
▪ not an insect
▪ parasitic organisms that feeds on blood
• distendible abdomen, piecing mouthparts: Chelicerae
▪ Ghost Moose
• Moose that suffers from extensive tick damage
• Numerous ticks attach to moose and feed on blood
• Moose tries to remove ticks but ends up removing hair instead
• Gets worse w/ milder, shorted, winters
▪ Vectors for diseases
• Lyme disease: Bacterial Agent
o Borrelia sp.
o Infects dogs, humans, causes mild symptoms but some cases of paralysis and kidney effects
• Rocky mountain spotted fever: Bacterial Agent
o Rickettsia rickettsia
o Infects dogs, large mammals
o Hemorrhaging, possible blood clotting-> leads to death
o Biting Midges
▪ Nematoceran (long horned) flies
• Order Diptera: Family Ceratopogonidae
▪ Very sall, alled o-see0u or pukies
▪ ~6000 species worldwide -> 600 in NA
▪ Feed on invertebrates (insect haemolymph) but some feed on vertebrate hosts
▪ Main biting midge genus for disease transmission is Culicoides
• 2mm in size, bite livestock, wold ruminants, humans
▪ Bluetongue Virus (BTV)
• Culicooides sonorensis primary vector for BTV in NA
• Infects farm livestock
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Document Summary
Some insects vector animal diseases -> can affect humans too. Effects: physical damage, behavioural alterations, physiological changes, death. Suborder: nematocera (long horned): biting insects, mosquitoes, black flies. Subsection of a suborder (brachycera): calyptratae: botflies, stable flies: hemiptera: bed bugs, non-insect: ticks/mites. Animal pests: notes on vectors: ve(cid:272)tor: orga(cid:374)is(cid:373) that does(cid:374)(cid:859)t (cid:272)ause disease itself (cid:271)ut spreads i(cid:374)fe(cid:272)tio(cid:374) (cid:271)y (cid:272)o(cid:374)veyi(cid:374)g pathoge(cid:374)s fro(cid:373) host to host, mechanical vector: transfers disease from one host to another, facilitating spread. Biological vector: organism in which disease reproduces & develops. Successful biological vector: mist be able to pass two barriers of infection. First barrier: midgut wall: disease must be able to escape wall of midgut, so it can reproduce & spread throughout body. Second barrier: salivary gland wall: disease must penetrate salivary gland wall, allows spreading to additional hosts when feeding. Detection of virus/disease in different parts of body indicate what barriers have been passed. Found in midgut: insect is able tp ingest the disease agent.
