BIOL 2P93 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Archaea, Zygote, Proteales
7 May 2018
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Spring BIOL 2P93 Pre-Lecture 06/05/2018
• What is Botany?
o Botany (plant biology) is the scientific study of plants
▪ 3 Greek words
• Botanikos -> botanical
• Botane -> plant/herb
• Boskein -> to feed
o Extensive scope
o Historically revolved around practical matters, like plants providing food, fibers, fuel &
medicine
• Plants have been around for a while
o Primary photosynthetic evidence from ~3000 Ma (mega-annum = 1 million years)
▪ Indicates Cyanobacteria fossils
• Blue-green algae: a photosynthesizing prokaryote
o Cyanobacteria use water as a reducing agent, producing atmospheric O2 as a metabolic
byproduct
▪ This O2, rusted the earth, pumped enormous O2 poison ito Eaths atosphee & i so
doing paved the way for aerobic based life to merge & diversify
▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fXADhz6JjWw&spfreload=10
▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DE4CPmTH3xg&spfreload=10
o Ancient Cyanobacteria seen in stromatolites
▪ Stromatolites are laminated rocks formed by Cyanobacterial growth
▪ Comparisons of ancient stromatolites w/ modern ones show ancient stromatolites were
formed by similar bacteria
▪ They encode the role that ancient microorganisms played i lifes eolutio & i shapig
the eaths eioets
▪ They are the earliest macrostructures that support the notion of photosynthesizing
prokaryotes
▪ http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Tree_of_Life/ Stromatolites.htm
▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=olTMKF0QsDU
▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uzwvjOSS2Pc&spfreload=10
• Some Basic but Notable Plant Functions
o Plants. Algae & some bacteria possess chlorophyll, needed for living cells to carry out
photosynthesis
▪ once light energy is in a chemical form, it is available as energy to all other organisms
including us
▪ helps fuel the activity of organisms
▪ we are totally dependent on photosynthesis, a process for which many plants adapted
• Not every plant photosynthesizes
o A fe ae plats dot possess hloophll & as suh aot
photosynthesize
▪ How do they survive?
• The plant known as Indian Pipe is common in this area
• It lacks chloroplasts & obtains its nutrients from roots of other
photosynthesizing plants via fungal root hyphae
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Spring BIOL 2P93 Pre-Lecture 06/05/2018
o The plant is myco-heterotrophic
▪ Page 460 of the textbook
o Idia Pipe aka Ghost Plat is paasiti ad its fugal hosts ae ohizal /
trees
▪ It gets energy from photosynthetic trees
▪ Found in dark environments like dense forest understories since it is not
dependent on sunlight to grow
▪ Native Americans used its sap to treat eye infections & other aliments
o Forests are Carbon stores -> carbon sinks
▪ Carbon sinks absorb more carbon than they release, while carbon sources emit more than
they absorb
▪ Forests absorb CO2 & through photosynthesis convert it to biomass
▪ Before the industrial revolution, the amount of carbon moving b/n these stores were
relatively balanced
• Humans tipped that balance, altering the global carbon cycle, primary by releasing
large amounts of carbon through fossil fuel burning
o Deforestation alters the Carbon cycle by removing trees & disturbing forest soils, releasing
stored carbon into the atmosphere
▪ Canadian forests were considered a viable carbon sink
▪ Through increased fires, insect infestation & harvesting, Canadian forests are now a net
source of carbon
▪ Global warming is expected to exacerbate this problem
• Botanical Taxonomic Classification & Nomenclature
o These terms are aligned but do not quite mean the same thing
o Taxonomic Classification
▪ Identification & interpretation of natural groups of organisms (taxa) based on characters
(morphology, genetics, behaviour, ecology)
o Taxonomic Nomenclature
▪ System of scientific names for taxa (species, genera, or families) & the rules & conventions
for the formation, treatment & use of those names
• Theophrastus (371- c. 287 BC)
o Father of botany due to his work on plants, he classified nearly 500 plants by leaf
characteristics
o Books
▪ Eui ito Plats & O the Causes of Plats
▪ Both contributed to botanical science during the Middle Ages, was the first systemization
of the botanical world
▪ Classified plants according to modes of generation, localities, sizes & practical uses like
foods, juices & herbs
• Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)
o Laid foundations for the modern biological naming scheme of binomial nomenclature
o Father of modern taxonomy & is considered one of the fathers of modern ecology
o Ipotat oks ilude “stea Natuae hih lassified 4,400 animal species & 7,700
plant species
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Spring BIOL 2P93 Pre-Lecture 06/05/2018
o Classifiatios ee suppleeted / ioials oposed of the geei ae folloed a
specific epithet
o Higher taxa were constructed & arranged in a simple & orderly manner
o “peies Platau fist published in 1753 as a 2-volume work
▪ Considered the primary starting point of plant nomenclature
▪ First work to consistently apply binomial names
▪ Changed Latin phrasing to reflect relationships & placed one to many species in each genus
• Early Linnaean Taxonomy
o I ipeiu Natuae, Liaeus estalished kigdos:
▪ Regnum Animale, Regnum Vegetabile & Regnum
Lapideum
• Animal, Vegetable & Mineral
▪ His classes (which had several orders) of plants were
used for identification into the 19th century based on
sexual characteristics
▪ Linnaeus was the first to use the terms monecious & dioecious
• Ranked-based Scientific Classification
o Originally used by Linnaeus, rank-based scientific classification has changed
o The greatest innovation of Linnaeus, & the most important aspect of this system is binomial
nomenclature
▪ Combination of the genus name & a second term
• Uniquely identifies each species of organism w/n a Kingdom
o Species are placed in a ranked hierarchy, starting with either Domains or Kingdoms
▪ Domain -> Kingdom -> Division -> Class -> Order -> Family -> Genus -> Species
o One genus can have several species
o Each level in this classification gives more specific phenotypic info
o Example
▪ Classifiatio a e defied as the goupig of idiiduals so that all the individuals in one
goup hae etai featues/popeties i oo
▪ Classifications should have a predictive value, they should tell us something about the
object being named & its features
• Australian plant -> Waratah
o Kingdom: Plantae (General)
▪ Plantae -> green plant
o Division: Magnoliophyta
▪ Magnoliophyta -> plant w/ cotyledons, real flowers & seeds
o Order: Proteales
▪ Proteales -> 4 perianth segments in each flower
o Family: Proteaceae
▪ Proteaceae meaning unique flower structure w/ 3 of the perianth segments
fused & 1 free
o Subfamily: Grevilleoideae
▪ Grevilleoideae -> flowers occur in pairs
o Genus: Telopea
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
It lacks chloroplasts & obtains its nutrients from roots of other photosynthesizing plants via fungal root hyphae. 06/05/2018: the plant is myco-heterotrophic, page 460 of the textbook. I(cid:374)dia(cid:374) pipe aka (cid:862)ghost pla(cid:374)t(cid:863) is pa(cid:396)asiti(cid:272) a(cid:374)d its fu(cid:374)gal hosts a(cid:396)e (cid:373)(cid:455)(cid:272)o(cid:396)(cid:396)hizal (cid:449)/ trees: found in dark environments like dense forest understories since it is not. I(cid:373)po(cid:396)ta(cid:374)t (cid:449)o(cid:396)ks i(cid:374)(cid:272)lude (cid:862) (cid:455)ste(cid:373)a natu(cid:396)ae(cid:863) (cid:449)hi(cid:272)h (cid:272)lassified 4,400 animal species & 7,700 plant species. I(cid:374) (cid:862)i(cid:373)pe(cid:396)iu(cid:373) natu(cid:396)ae(cid:863), li(cid:374)(cid:374)aeus esta(cid:271)lished (cid:1007) ki(cid:374)gdo(cid:373)s: regnum animale, regnum vegetabile & regnum. Lapideum: animal, vegetable & mineral, his classes (which had several orders) of plants were used for identification into the 19th century based on sexual characteristics. 06/05/2018: deciding that a species belongs in a different genus or that a taxon needs to be split or, that the rank of the taxon needs to be changed, these are taxonomic decisions, http://herbarium. usu. edu/teaching/4420/botnom. htm. > (cid:373)(cid:455)(cid:272)ologists felt that (cid:858)(cid:271)ota(cid:374)i(cid:272)al(cid:859) (cid:449)as (cid:373)isleadi(cid:374)g, i(cid:373)pl(cid:455)i(cid:374)g that the (cid:272)ode excluded fungi & algal lineages.
