BIOL 1F25 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Archaea, Eukaryote, Chordate

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cyanchimpanzee385

14 Sep 2016

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Document Summary

All living things have a different molecular composition than non-living. 4 types: lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids (dna, rna) Metabolism: physical and chemical processes that transform energy and molecules needed to sustain life. Cells are the smallest unit showing all characteristics of life. Unicellular organisms are made of one cell type. Multicellular organisms are made of many different cells. Ex. (for above) staphylococcus aureus vs. human stomach cells (humans are made of many types of cells) 1-homeostasis: -maintain relatively constant internal temperature and conditions. Keep internal conditions at optimum levels (ph, acidity, ion concentrations) (ions are molecules with positive or negative charges) 2-cell membrane : -barrier for substances to enter cell and leave. Multicellular organisms start from 1 cell that divides. Genetic material encoded in deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) is passed on. Ex. milkweed going to seed, bison and calf, mycobacterium dividing. Change from one generation to the next (note) individual organisms do not evolve.

Related Questions

In this weekâs forum article, Nutrient Utilization in Humans: Metabolism Pathways,(http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/nutrient-utilization-in-humans-metabolism-pathways-14234029) the types of molecules and the mechanisms by which the potential chemical energy in those molecules is transformed into the type of energy capable of powering cellular work is discussed. After reading the article, answer the questions listed below. ( Read the article and answer the following questions)

1. What was Antoine Lavoisierâs major contribution to our understanding of energy metabolism in living organisms?

2. Max Rubner showed that carbohydrates and proteins produce approximately 4 Kcal/g of energy when oxidized, whereas lipids generate up to 9 Kcal/g. How can this difference be explained?

3. This article points out that a major misconception, especially for many undergraduates, is that human cells only use glucose as a fuel source. In fact, all three major absorbed end products of the digestion of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins can be utilized by most cells for the generation of ATP. What serves as the major entry point (mechanism) for these different classes of molecules that makes it possible for them to serve as fuel for ATP production? Why does this mechanism not work in the absence of oxygen? Hint: consider glycolysis and fermentation.

4. Although many of the approximately 200 cell types in the human body can utilize all three major classes of food molecules for energy, not all can. Why? Provide an example.

1. Use the following definitions and phrases to describe to which molecules of life and their subunits it belongs:

a. Energy-storing molecule, typically water soluble - b. Subunits are called monosaccharides â c. Used to speed chemical reactions - d. Subunits are joined to each other with peptide bonds - e. Most prevalent molecule in cell membranes - f. Some of them function as hormones - g. Used for storing, transmitting, and executing genetic information - h. Subunits are nucleotides

2. Weak hydrogen bonds between water molecules are responsible for the many properties of water. Acidity is expressed as pH. Buffers stabilize pH. a. What characteristics of water molecule makes it polar? Provide two examples why this property is important in microbiology. b. What is the role of buffers in living organisms, including microbes? c. What must be added to pure water to decrease OH- and/or H+ concentration, respectively

3. Carbohydrates serve as storage molecules and structural material. Lipids are hydrophobic molecules; phospholipids are main component of cell membranes. Protein has a complex structure based on identity and sequence of amino acids. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are genetic station of storage information and for synthesis of proteins. ATP serve as the main energy source in the living cell. a. Name the subunits (building blocks) of carbs, simple lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids b. What level of protein structure is described as an alpha helix? c. If DNA is placed in boiling water, what and how the molecule would change?

Question 11 pts

What is a mutation?

A dangerous alteration in the genes of a living organism.

Any change in the base sequence of an organism's DNA.

Any genetic alteration in an organisms physical appearance.

A broken piece of a DNA molecule.

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Question 21 pts

How many "genetic words" are there in the genetic code formed by combining three DNA bases together?