8246 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Liberal Democracy, Realpolitik, Supercharger
5 Jun 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
National Security – Lecture 2
The State and National Interests
• J2 - joint intelligence
Treaty of Westphalia
• 1648 The Treaty of Westphalia
• Security was the responsibility of the state.
• Strong states provided security and welfare through diplomacy and military strength.
The State Today
• Max Weber - "the entity that possesses a monopoly on the legitimate use of physical
force,"
• Clausewitz - war is the realisation of a political aim by forceful means,
• A state effort - people, government and standing armies, and
• Total War - all of the resources of the state are applied to the war aims.
National or State Security
• The UN
• 193 member states
• The state is losing its monopoly to provide for security and welfare.
• The range of threats to states is increasing.
Globalisation
• "In part this is a matter of shifting the basis of the state's legitimacy away from assuring
mass welfare and towards maximising individual opportunity…" - Phillip Bobbitt
• In the Cold War era power was, "primarily a drama of states confronting states,
balancing states and aligning with states."
• Now with globalisation there are 3 balances;
o The traditional balance between nation states,
o The balance between nation states and global markets, and
o The balance between individuals and nation states.
Challenges to the State
• Online marketplaces for illicit weapons in the Middle East and North Africa.
• Colonel Muammar Gaddafi stockpiled approx. $30 billion worth of weapons. During
his 40-year reign the arms trade was strictly regulated. Since his overthrow and death in
2011 those weapons have been flooding into the local marketplace.
• Emergence of non-state actors.
o Rich organisations, oil companies in Africa, more powerful than the state.
o GFC, states didn't control much, big banks had the power.
• State fragility and failure.
o Grey-area states, those seeking "evil" will go to these failed states.
o Somalia, Yemen, Libya, deserts of Iraq.
• Broadened view of security.
• A multipolar world.
o Many powers that are challenging each other.
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o Power accessed and used in different ways.
• Complexity and unpredictability.
National Interests
• Tension, competition, conflict and war.
• Cooperation, alliances, organisations and treaties.
• National interests provide a focal point for the people of the states and send signals to
adversaries.
• What are we prepared to fight for?
Indonesia, Pancasila
• Belief in the one and only true God,
• Just and civilized humanity,
• The unity of Indonesia,
• Democracy guided by the inner wisdom in the unanimity arising out of deliberations
amongst representatives, and
• Social justice for the whole of the people in Indonesia.
Australian Values
• Our fundamental values and beliefs are clear. Australians value tolerance, perseverance
and mateship. These values form our spirit as a nation.
o We value the individual worth of every man and woman in our society.
o We believe that economic freedom will empower individuals to lead their own
lives by removing impediments and providing opportunities.
o We believe that economic freedoms must be complemented by political freedoms.
2017 Foreign Policy White Paper on Values and Interests
• Australia does not define its national identity by race or religion, but by shared values,
including political, economic and religious freedom, liberal democracy, the rule of law,
racial and gender equality and mutual respect.
Hierarchy of Interests - Pakistan
• National Purpose - shared values and beliefs
o prosperity and peace, a secular society with equal opportunity, democracy and
human rights.
• National Interest - continuing ends
o sovereignty, economic, well being.
• National Aims - future conditions
o stable politics, social justice, balance in civil military relationships.
• National Objectives - time limited milestones
o Settlement of regional disputes, economic restructuring, social change.
National Security Objectives
• To ensure a safe and resilient population:
o the safety of the population as a whole.
• To protect and strengthen our sovereignty:
o independence of our-decision-making, and authority over our territory and
resources.
• To secure our assets, infrastructure and institutions:
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