PSYC1030 Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: Joint Attention, Habituation, Self-Categorization Theory
Lecture 8 – 11th September
Part A
Language Development infbav
Hua Laguage: Whats so speial?
• Nature account – Language is built into the human brain
• Nurture account – Language is learned through human interactions
Origins of Language in Infancy
• Infants are well-equipped for language acquisition
o Early preferences
o Highly sensitive to features of linguistic input
Auditory Speech Discrimination
• Audito haituatio poedue
– Native (ba – pa) vs. Non-native (ki – qi)
sound contrasts
• Ifats ae o ith uiesal eas
– Diminishes across the 1st year
Visual Speech Discrimination
• Visual habituation procedure –
Native vs. Non-native – Non-native vs.
Non-native
• Ifats eliae o isual ues shifts
with age
Origins of Language in Infancy: Production
• Babbling – Evolves with greater motor control of vocal tracts
o Beoes ieasigl oe soial
o Uiesal → Language specific
Foundations of Word Learning
• Joit attetio
– They watch to see what people are
attending to as they speak
– Gaze → Gestures (e.g., pointing)
First Words
• Utteed aoud the ifats fist ithda
• Chaateistis of eal oaula
Referential problem:
Overgeneralisation
• Oegeealisatio
– Applying a word to a wider collection of
objects and events than is appropriate
Referential problem: Undergeneralization
• Udegeealisatio
– Applying a word too narrowly than is appropriate
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– Less common than overgeneralisation
Vocabulary Spurt
• Whe ate of oaula auisitio ↑ apidl
• Learn an average of 9 words per day
o Brain maturation (nature)?
o ‘efeetial o aig isight utue?
Two-word utterance stage
• Telegaphi speeh
o Leave out smaller and less important words
o Word order errors are very rare
Acquisition of Syntax
• After 3-word stage, complexity of
language increases dramatically
• Begin to produce morphological
markers – -s fo plual – -ed fo past
tense
• Noticeable overregularisation errors
The WUG“ Test
• Thee is WUG – 1
• Thee is WUG“ – 2
• Pass by around age 3 years
o Knowledge and ability to use
morphological markers
Critical Period for Language Acquisition?
• Case study: Genie
o Effects of early deprivation
o Limited to telegraphic speech
o Frequent word order errors
Critical Period for Language Acquisition?
• Language exposure before age 7 for fluency
o Deaf children of non-signing parents
o Immigrants to new linguistic environments
Language Development: Nature x Nurture
Nature account
• Developmental regularity across the world
• Generativity of language
• Critical period
Nurture account
• Variation in languages across the world
• Rate of language development depends on input
Part B
Groups and Group Memberships
“ELF AND OTHE‘… AND G‘OUP“
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Document Summary
Hu(cid:373)a(cid:374) la(cid:374)guage: what(cid:859)s so spe(cid:272)ial: nature account language is built into the human brain, nurture account language is learned through human interactions. Infants are well-equipped for language acquisition: early preferences, highly sensitive to features of linguistic input. Native (ba pa) vs. non-native (ki qi) sound contrasts: i(cid:374)fa(cid:374)ts a(cid:396)e (cid:271)o(cid:396)(cid:374) (cid:449)ith (cid:858)u(cid:374)i(cid:448)e(cid:396)sal(cid:859) ea(cid:396)s. Origins of language in infancy: production: babbling evolves with greater motor control of vocal tracts, be(cid:272)o(cid:373)es i(cid:374)(cid:272)(cid:396)easi(cid:374)gl(cid:455) (cid:373)o(cid:396)e (cid:858)so(cid:272)ial(cid:859) (cid:858)u(cid:374)i(cid:448)e(cid:396)sal(cid:859) language specific. They watch to see what people are attending to as they speak. First words: utte(cid:396)ed a(cid:396)ou(cid:374)d the i(cid:374)fa(cid:374)ts(cid:859) fi(cid:396)st (cid:271)i(cid:396)thda(cid:455, cha(cid:396)a(cid:272)te(cid:396)isti(cid:272)s of ea(cid:396)l(cid:455) (cid:448)o(cid:272)a(cid:271)ula(cid:396)(cid:455) Applying a word to a wider collection of objects and events than is appropriate. Applying a word too narrowly than is appropriate. Vocabulary spurt: whe(cid:374) (cid:396)ate of (cid:448)o(cid:272)a(cid:271)ula(cid:396)(cid:455) a(cid:272)(cid:395)uisitio(cid:374) (cid:396)apidl(cid:455) Two-word utterance stage (cid:862)teleg(cid:396)aphi(cid:272) spee(cid:272)h(cid:863: leave out smaller and less important words, word order errors are very rare. Acquisition of syntax language increases dramatically markers (cid:862)-s(cid:863) fo(cid:396) plu(cid:396)al (cid:862)-ed(cid:863) fo(cid:396) past tense.
