PSYC1001 Lecture Notes - Lecture 25: Reinforcement, Operant Conditioning, Classical Conditioning
12 Jun 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Operant Conditioning
Behaviourists in terms of the Bigger Picture
Basics of Humanistic Theories
OPERANT CONDITIONING
Punishments and rewards - reinforcement of behaviour
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E.g. mouse presses lever - cheese is presented --> mouse will keep pressing lever (positive
reinforcement/reward)
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E.g. baby cries, carried into bed
Positive reinforcement: increasing the frequency or probability of a behaviour by presenting an
appetitive stimulus following the behaviour
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E.g. baby cries, parents take baby into bed to remove crying
Negative reinforcement: increasing the frequency or probability of a behaviour by removing an aversive
stimulus following the behavior
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E.g. stench in lecture - remove smell --> people will come back in
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Reinforcement: increasing the frequency or probability of a behaviour by presenting or removing a stimulus
following that behaviour
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Terms
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E.g. cheat on exam = fail course
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Positive punishment: decreasing the frequency or probability of a behaviour by presenting an aversive
stimulus following the behaviour
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E.g. break rules = can't use car on the weekend
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Negative punishment: decreasing the frequency or probability of a behaviour by removing an appetitive
stimulus following the behaviour
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Punishment: decreasing the frequency or probability of a behaviour by presenting or removing a stimulus
following that behaviour
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+ reinforcement = adding something nice
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- reinforcement = taking something bad away
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Reinforcement increases frequency of a behaviour
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Reinforcement increases frequency of behaviour
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Punishment decreases frequency of behaviour
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Do not confuse negative reinforcement with punishment
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Summary
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Some neutral US is paired with a CS that produces fear
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Phobias are acquired by classical conditioning
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Each time the phobic object is removed or avoided, negative reinforcement occurs
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Because the phobic object is always avoided, the phobic never learns the object is harmless
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Phobias are maintained by operant conditioning
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Two-stage theory of phobias
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E.g. go to a lecture, paid 100 dollars
Get reinforced every time you engage in that behavior
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Extinction is easy
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Continuous reinforcement
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Get reinforced every n hours/minutes/seconds/days
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Fixed interval reinforcement
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Time
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Schedules of reinforcement
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9B - Personality
Monday, May 7, 2018
9:58 AM
PSYCH 1001 Page 1
Document Summary
Reinforcement: increasing the frequency or probability of a behaviour by presenting or removing a stimulus following that behaviour. E. g. mouse presses lever - cheese is presented --> mouse will keep pressing lever (positive reinforcement/reward) E. g. stench in lecture - remove smell --> people will come back in. Positive reinforcement: increasing the frequency or probability of a behaviour by presenting an appetitive stimulus following the behaviour. Negative reinforcement: increasing the frequency or probability of a behaviour by removing an aversive stimulus following the behavior. E. g. baby cries, parents take baby into bed to remove crying. Punishment: decreasing the frequency or probability of a behaviour by presenting or removing a stimulus following that behaviour. Positive punishment: decreasing the frequency or probability of a behaviour by presenting an aversive stimulus following the behaviour. Negative punishment: decreasing the frequency or probability of a behaviour by removing an appetitive stimulus following the behaviour. E. g. break rules = can"t use car on the weekend.
