PSY1022 Lecture 4: PSY1022 – Lecture 4
26 May 2018
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PSY1022 – Lecture 4
- The Nuremberg Code – Asserted participants rights to voluntary participation
and informed consent
- The Declaration of Helsinki –
• Human research should follow successful work in labs or animals
• Value/benefit must outweight the risks or potential harms
• Researchers need to be competent
• Review by an external, unbiased committee
- general principles
• integrity of the researcher and research merit
•
o commitment to the pursuit and protection of truth
o commitment to research methods designed to contribute to
knowledge
o valuable reason for conducting the research
• respect for persons and consent
•
o commitment not to use a person only as a means to an end
o obtain consent to participate in research
• beneficence and safety
•
o issue of who ought to benefit from the research and who will bear
its burdens
• justice
•
o issue of who ought to benefit from the research and who will bear
its burdens
o individuals and groups of the population must be treated fairly and
equitably
o Equitably and fairly means that one group should not bear
disproportionate burden nor receive disproportionate benefit
- general guidelines
• voluntary participation - not involve coercion and be informed - aware of
risks associated with the study
• informed consent provided
•
o people must be autonomous
o
▪ capable of
▪
▪ evaluating the real and potential harms/benefits
▪ considering their own individual values and goals
and how those fit with the potential harms/benefits
• able to end their participation whenever they choose
• no psychological or physical harm
• deception is permitted but participants must be formally debriefed about
the deception
• confidentially
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• all proposals for research involving human or animal participants must
abide by the relevant ethical guidelines and be reviewed and approved by
the institutional ethics committee
• all results must be reported fully and accurately
• beneficence
•
o doing good and doing no harm
o maximising potential benefits and minimising potential harms
• justice
- defining and measuring variables
- variables
• A variable is any characteristic or condition that can have more than one
value, or that can vary across organisms, situations, or environments
• An empirical study involves observing, manipulating, and measuring
variables in various conditions, and under varying degrees of control –
These variables need to be precisely defined (i.e., operationally defined)
• In general, we manipulate (either directly or indirectly) the values or
levels of one or more variables and measure the effect(s) on one or more
other variables – Manipulation = Independent Variable (IV) – Outcome =
Dependent Variable (DV)
• independent variables
•
o These are variables that the researcher directly manipulates
o Quasi-independent variables are variables that the researcher
indirectly manipulates. That is, for practical or ethical reasons
these variables cannot be directly manipulated, but since there are
pre-existing levels, the researcher can utilise them
o
▪ For example, sex (i.e., male vs. female) is a variable which
can be used as a quasi-independent variable
▪
▪ Note also that these are sometimes called subject
variables because they are characteristics that come
with the participants
• dependent variables
•
o These are variables that the researcher observes to examine
changes in – that is, the researcher observes how manipulations
affect these variables
o a dependent variable concerns:
o
▪ The effect of the manipulation
▪ The response
▪ The outcome
▪ What is being measured
• extraneous or nuisance variables
•
o variables which cause unwanted effects on the study
o examples
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find more resources at oneclass.com
