IMM2022 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: B Vitamins, Gram Staining, Gram-Positive Bacteria
30 May 2018
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BACTERIA AND BACTERIAL DISEASES
Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) make up 50% of biomass on earth
Bacteria are small, single celled, simple in structure and morphology, basic shapes and spatial
arrangement.
They are adapted to a wide range of environments eg. Halophile, acidophile and thermophiles
-endospores can survive until they find favourable conditions
-anaerobic (eg. Tetanus) vs aerobic (eg. Mycobacterium tuberculosis) or both (eg. Escherichia coli)
Bacteria are important for: vitamins, cheese, decomposition, breakdown oil, fermentation
• Typical structure:
o not all have a capsule, some have a slime layer
o cytoplasm contains:
-70-80% water
-cytosol and enzymes (mixture of nutrients eg. Sugars, amino acids, ions, proteins)
-nucleoid (not bound by membrane, single circular dsDNA, carries necessary genes)
-ribosomes (important target for antibiotics)
o proteins in cytoplasmic membrane:
-integral; permanently attached
-peripheral; loosely connected
o cell wall: peptidoglycan -> short peptides, polysaccharide called glycan
-NAM and NAG
-peptide bonds can be formed between peptides attached to adjacent glycan strands
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Document Summary
Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) make up 50% of biomass on earth. Bacteria are small, single celled, simple in structure and morphology, basic shapes and spatial arrangement. They are adapted to a wide range of environments eg. halophile, acidophile and thermophiles. Endospores can survive until they find favourable conditions. Anaerobic (eg. tetanus) vs aerobic (eg. mycobacterium tuberculosis) or both (eg. Anaerobic (eg. tetanus) vs aerobic (eg. mycobacterium tuberculosis) or both (eg. escherichia coli) Bacteria are important for: vitamins, cheese, decomposition, breakdown oil, fermentation: typical structure, not all have a capsule, some have a slime layer, cytoplasm contains: Cytosol and enzymes (mixture of nutrients eg. sugars, amino acids, ions, proteins) Nucleoid (not bound by membrane, single circular dsdna, carries necessary genes) Ribosomes (important target for antibiotics: proteins in cytoplasmic membrane: Peripheral; loosely connected: cell wall: peptidoglycan -> short peptides, polysaccharide called glycan. Peptide bonds can be formed between peptides attached to adjacent glycan strands: gram stain, lipopolysaccharide:
