ATS1291 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Uriel Weinreich, Code-Switching, Conceptual System
13 May 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Multilingualism
Key terms
• Code
• Domain
• Code-switching (situational code switching & metaphorical code switching)
• Code-mixing
• Code-meshing
• Bilingualism, compound bilinguals, co-ordinate bilinguals
• Multilingualism
• Vernacular
• Diglossia
• Borrowing, interference
• Style shifting
• The ailit to speak ore tha oe laguage is ore oo i the orld tha
ooligualis. “tokell,
• Aroud to illio people are o usig Eglish aroud the orld ad Eglish has a
official role in more than 70 countries and territories. (Crystal, 1997)
• More than 80% of communication in English in the world is now between so-called
o-atie speakers of the laguage. “harifia,
Definitions of bilingualism
• Uriel Weinreich in Languages in Contact (1968):
The practice of alternately using two languages will be called bilingualism, and the person
involved, bilingual
• Skutnabb-Kangas (1984):
A bilingual speaker is someone who is able to function in two (or more) languages, either in
monolingual or bilingual communities, in accordance with the sociocultural demands made of
a idiiduals ouiatie ad ogitie opetee these ouities or the
individual herself, at the same level as native speakers, and who is able positively to identify
with both (or all) language groups (and cultures) or parts of them.
Types of bilingualism
• Age: early vs. late, infant, child, adult
• Context: natural/primary vs. secondary > achieved
• Relationship between sign and meaning:
• Co-ordinate (two separate linguistic/conceptual systems, two different concepts for one
word), compound (one system but two combined conceptual systems), subordinative
(apply one system to all learnt languages thereafter, 'translation')
• Order and consequence: additive (enriched, complementary social abilities) vs
substractive (one at expense of the other)
• Copetee: true/perfet/alaed, doiat laguage, sei-bilingualism,
passive/receptive
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Dominant language: language used the most often
Rare to find someone with a perfect balance between languages
Dominant language can change over a lifespan
Co-ordinate may be able to master both or more languages to the same level but can they
function in each society to the same level?
Linguistic Landscape
• The languages used in public signs indicate what languages are locally relevant, or give
evidence of what languages are becoming locally relevant (Kasanga 2012).
• Linguistic landscaping by whom?
Official? – Uoffiial? hats the purpose of these sigs?
Linguistic landscaping for whom?
Whats the futio of these laguages pla i the loal ouit? Deoratie?
Useful? Misleading?) WHY???????
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Document Summary
Key terms: code, domain, code-switching (situational code switching & metaphorical code switching, code-mixing, code-meshing, bilingualism, compound bilinguals, co-ordinate bilinguals, multilingualism, vernacular, diglossia, borrowing, interference. Definitions of bilingualism: uriel weinreich in languages in contact (1968): The practice of alternately using two languages will be called bilingualism, and the person involved, bilingual. Rare to find someone with a perfect balance between languages. Linguistic landscape: the languages used in public signs indicate what languages are locally relevant, or give evidence of what languages are becoming locally relevant (kasanga 2012). U(cid:374)offi(cid:272)ial? (cid:894)(cid:449)hat(cid:859)s the purpose of these sig(cid:374)s? (cid:895) Orr(cid:455) e(cid:374)sei, i do(cid:374)(cid:859)t (cid:449)a(cid:374)t to (cid:272)o(cid:373)e late (cid:271)ut i (cid:373)issed o(cid:374)e (cid:271)us (cid:894)japa(cid:374)ese(cid:895) Situation 3: in a coffee shop between a chinese man and american woman. Ying: oh, you are such a leng lui ah. Ofte(cid:374) (cid:374)egati(cid:448)e fra(cid:374)glais, pa(cid:374)glish, japlish, chi(cid:374)glish, ko(cid:374)glish et(cid:272) . Often code-s(cid:449)it(cid:272)hi(cid:374)g is see(cid:374) as (cid:858)e(cid:373)(cid:271)arrassi(cid:374)g(cid:859), (cid:858)i(cid:373)pure(cid:859), (cid:858)laz(cid:455)(cid:859), (cid:858)u(cid:374)edu(cid:272)ated(cid:859), (cid:858)illiterate(cid:859), (cid:858)ig(cid:374)ora(cid:374)t(cid:859), (cid:858)poor(cid:859).
