CHM1011 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Semipermeable Membrane, Gibbs Free Energy, Vacuum Flask

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All life is controlled by the movement of energy: the laws of thermodynamics, which describe energy movement, are universal, the laws refer to biological systems as well as the domains of chemistry and physics. It has even been applied to economics: apart from engines, thermodynamics drives, diffusion, osmosis (movement of solvent through a semi-permeable membrane, colligative properties (e. g. melting point depression, allow prediction (and utilisation) of spontaneous reactions. When a lump of solid sodium metal is placed in water, a vigorous chemical reaction occurs that forms hydrogen gas and aqueous sodium hydroxide. Na(s) + h2o(l) naoh(aq) + h2(g: however, if we try to carry out the reverse reaction by bubbling hydrogen gas through an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, no chemical reaction is observed: Temperature is scale which may be used to indicate degrees of hot and cold: when two objects at different temperatures are able to transfer heat, heat will flow from the hotter to the cooler body.

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