PSYC104 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Libido, Dopamine Receptor D4, Homeostasis
8 May 2018
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PSYC104 Lecture
Week 2 - History and Methods; Motivation
Definition
• Motivation → driver of directed behaviours, particularly our wants and needs (both biological and
social drives)
Biological (primary) and social (secondary) motives
• Biological motives (primary)
o Thirst, hunger, oxygen, sleep, temperature regulation, waste elimination, sex
• Social motives (secondary)
o Achievement, aggression, power, curiosity, play, affiliation, autonomy
Approach and avoidance motivation
• Approach motivation → drives propel engagement in some behaviours
• Avoidance motivation → drives repel engagement in other behaviours
Motivation - early measures
• Psychodynamic perspective (Freud) → theorised behaviours motivated by unconscious and conscious
desires, which are not in unison
• 3 theoretical constructs of psyche
o Id → unconscious, instinctual, irrational drives, Eros and Thanatos
o Superego → morally responsible drives, operates at preconscious awareness
o Ego → conscious, rational mind, ensures id and superego drives manifest appropriately
Motivation - historical measures
• Thematic Apperception Tests (TATs) claim to measure unconscious desires
Drive reduction theories
• Formulated in 1940s
• Thirst, hunger, and sexual frustration drive us to reduce the averseness of these states
• Some drives are hierarchy (thirst over hunger)
• Motivated to maintain psychological homeostasis (equilibrium)
Yerkes-Dodson Law (1908)
• Arousal affects strength of drives
• Under arousal causes ‘stimulus hunger’
Clashing drives
• Approach-approach conflict → dinner vs. concert
• Avoidance-avoidance conflict → failing exam vs. studying
• Approach-avoidance conflict → approaching attractive person vs. fear of rejection
Incentive theories
• Drive Reduction Theory inadequate as we regularly engage in behaviours despite satisfaction of drives
• Incentive theories built on Drive Reduction Theory → driven by positive goals
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
1. Physiological needs
2. Safety and security
3. Love and belonging
4. Self-esteem
5. Self-actualisation
Sexual motivation
• Physiological drivers of libido include testosterone and a protein (DRD4) related to neurotransmitter
dopamine
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Definition: motivation driver of directed behaviours, particularly our wants and needs (both biological and social drives) Biological (primary) and social (secondary) motives: biological motives (primary, thirst, hunger, oxygen, sleep, temperature regulation, waste elimination, sex, social motives (secondary, achievement, aggression, power, curiosity, play, affiliation, autonomy. Approach and avoidance motivation: approach motivation drives propel engagement in some behaviours, avoidance motivation drives repel engagement in other behaviours. Motivation - early measures: psychodynamic perspective (freud) theorised behaviours motivated by unconscious and conscious desires, which are not in unison. Id unconscious, instinctual, irrational drives, eros and thanatos: superego morally responsible drives, operates at preconscious awareness, ego conscious, rational mind, ensures id and superego drives manifest appropriately. Motivation - historical measures: thematic apperception tests (tats) claim to measure unconscious desires. Drive reduction theories: formulated in 1940s, thirst, hunger, and sexual frustration drive us to reduce the averseness of these states, some drives are hierarchy (thirst over hunger, motivated to maintain psychological homeostasis (equilibrium)
