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BM1000 Lecture Notes - Lecture 18: Dna Replication, Polyadenylation, Ribosomal Rna

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coffeebear832
16 Jul 2018
School
James Cook University
Department
BM
Course
BM1000
Professor
Lionel Hebbard

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Document Summary

Dna replication is very accurate - but not perfect. Inherited diseases (errors in gametes and then somatic cells). Dna repair enzymes exist in all our cells and are very efficient. But sometimes they cannot fix all the mutations. Exposure to agents that cause dna damage will increase your chances of developing cancer. Information is temporarily transferred to rna by a process called transcription. The rna instructions are read by molecules (ribosomes) that use the information to make proteins via translation. The process of transferring the information of dna to mrna. By producing an extract rna copy of a gene"s "transcribed region". Cells can differentiate into specific tissue/organ types by transcription factors that respond to: Resulting in different subsets of expressed genes despite all cells having the same genome. Hox genes encode transcription factors that control the development of an embryo. The different expression of genes in specific cells results in segment development.

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Related Questions

13. The arms of a human and the wing of a bat are _________________ structures, composed of the same bones that have been modified for different functions.

a. analogous
b. vestigial
c. homologous
d. convergent

14. Xeroderma pigmentosum is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder. People who are homozygous for the disease-causing allele have skin that is damaged by exposure to ultraviolet radiation; this can lead to skin cancer at an early age. The mutation that causes this disorder is in a gene that functions:

a. to repair DNA by excising (removing) nucleotides damaged by UV light.
b. in lysosomes, to break down lipids that otherwise accumulate in the nervous system.
c. to produce the UV blocking pigment melanin in the skin cells
d. in red blood cells to carry oxygen to the skin.

15. The Amish are a religious sect descended from a small group of colonists who came to the United States over 200 years ago. Their religious beliefs have kept them isolated from society. The Amish have a much higher than average incidence of both polydactyly (extra fingers and toes) and dwarfism in their communities. This is most likely explained by:

a. inheritance of acquired characters.
b. the founder effect.
c. disruptive selection.
d. natural selection.

16. In the structure of DNA that Watson and Crick proposed, the sides of the "ladder" of the DNA molecule are always the same distance apart, making the molecule a constant width. This occurs because when the bases hydrogen bond to form the rungs of the "ladder", a:

a. purine always pairs with a pyrimidine.
b. purine always pairs with a purine.
c. pyrimidine always pairs with a pyrmidine.
d. The structure of the double helix is not determined by how the bases pair.

17. The RNA transcript of DNA that travels to the cytoplasm, carrying the instructions to make a protein, is called:

a. rRNA.
b. tRNA.
c. mRNA.
d. RNA polymerase.

18. When DNA is replicated, the error rate is approximately one error for every 10,000 nucleotides copied. However, that error rate is reduced to only 1 error for every 1 billion nucleotides. The DNA sequence is "corrected" by:

a. repeating S phase to see if the error rate is lower the second time around.
b. enzymes that proofread the DNA and repair errors.
c. messenger RNA during the process of transcription.
d. Any errors made during DNA replication cannot be corrected. If errors are detected after S phase, the cell is destroyed.

19. Mendel's principle of segregation says that:

a. when gametes are formed, each gamete receives only one allele for a particular gene.
b. some genes are dominant to others.
c. a testcross must be used to determine the genotype of an organism with a dominant phenotype.
d. all of the above

20. Tay-Sachs disease is lethal before reproductive age, but the allele persists in Louisiana French Canadians because:

a. it is a dominant allele.
b. new mutations causing this disease are common in that population.
c. it is not expressed in the phenotype of heterozygous individuals.
d. the disease is contagious and can be transmitted by nonheritable means.

21. Physical features that are similar in organisms which are not closely related to each other are most likely a result of ____________. A good example of this is the similarities seen between some marsupial and placental mammals.

a. natural selection.
b. adaptation to similar environments
c. convergent evolution
d. All of the above phrases can be used to correctly fill this blank.

22. In humans, which of the following sex chromosome compliments could be found in males?

a. XY
b. XX
c. Y

23. The proteins that are associated with eukaryotic chromosomes:

a. help to package the DNA within the nucleus.
b. are involved in gene expression, through binding with the DNA.
c. may be replicating or transcribing the DNA.
d. All of these are true of proteins that are associated with eukaryotic chromosomes.

24. A sequence of DNA nucleotides that contains the information to produce a single protein is a(n):

a. codon.
b. gene.
c. polypeptide.
d. anticodon.

*Please don't answer with photos, DO NOT UPLOAD PHOTO, it's hard to read.

I post this question twice, please don't answer this post if you already answer the other one, if you can answer different answer that's fine. REASON WHY I POST IT TWICE, I NEED TWO DIFFERENT VIEW.

Discussion

Hi All - this week you will learn about DNA - the molecule of life! You may think that protein-coding genes are the most important, but results from the Human Genome Project revealed that only about 2% of our DNA codes for protein - so what about the rest of the "junk DNA" (or non-protein coding portion of the genome) - is it functionally important? Yes! Scientists are learning how "the non-protein-coding portion of the genome is of crucial functional importance: for normal development and physiology and for disease". I would like you to please choose a topic with regards to the non-protein coding portion of the genome (this will introduce you to gene regulation which we will cover in chapter 11) or you may also choose to write about a topic that describes a mutation in any protein that is involved in DNA replication, transcription, or translation (we did not talk about all of the enzymes involved in those processes). Please list your reputable source - this is worth 0.5 pt (even if you use one of my sources below) and tell me WHY you chose your topic (this is worth 1 pt.) please try to briefly explain your topic to the best of your knowledge - I don't expect you to write a lot of detail about your topic - it might be hard to understand (which you are welcome to comment on in your paragraph)!

Examples to choose from (but not limited to) include: noncoding RNAs (snRNAs, miRNAs, siRNAs, snoRNAs, piRNAs, lincRNAs) and RNA therapeutics:

LIST:

1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4119351/ (Development of microRNA therapeutics is coming of age)

2. http://www.umassmed.edu/rti/ (RNA Therapeutics Institute)

3. http://www.genengnews.com/insight-and-intelligence/rna-based-therapeutics-and-vaccines/77900520/

4. http://genesdev.cshlp.org/content/26/21/2361.full (Biology of PIWI-Interacting RNAs: new insights into biogenesis and function inside and outside of germlines)

5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4265212/ (PIWI proteins and their interactors in piRNA biogenesis, germline development and gene expression)

6. http://www.news-medical.net/news/20121203/microRNAs-play-an-important-role-during-embryonic-development.aspx

7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4578617/ (the role of microRNAs in cell fate determination)

8. http://news.berkeley.edu/2017/01/13/scientists-reprogram-embryonic-stem-cells-to-expand-their-potential/

9. http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/40871/title/The-Second-Coming-of-RNAi/

10. http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2013/cardiac-development-needs-more-than-protein-coding-genes-0124.html (long non-coding RNA molecules)

11. http://www.alzforum.org/news/research-news/new-role-micrornas-torpedoes-sink-neurons(microRNAs)

12. http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/rothmund-thomson-syndrome (mutation in human helicase gene)

13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3633371/ (mutation in mitochondrial helicase gene called TWINKLE)

14. http://sfari.org/news-and-opinion/news/2013/in-autism-related-disorders-rna-turns-out-to-be-key (RNA topoisomerase)

15. http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/TERC (dyskeratosis congenita - mutations in the TERC gene - the RNA component of telomerase)

16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3853347/ (Top3beta is an RNA topoisomerase that works with Fragile X syndrome protein to promote synapse formation)

The following 3 articles discuss long non-coding RNAs - there are many examples in each article so you only need to talk about one example - not the whole article:

1. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468054016300063 (mechanism of action and functional utility)

2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5084630/ (dysregulated expression in ovarian cancer)

3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4736767/ (stem cells)