1008HSV Lecture Notes - Ventricular Septal Defect, Heart Valve, Aortic Valve
20 Jun 2018
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The Cardiovascular System
Anatomy of the heart:
Pericardium: outer fibrous sac, inner serous layer (secretes slippery fluid to prevent
friction)
Myocardium: thick cardiac muscle walls, much thicker in left ventricle than right
Endocardium: innermost surface that lines the heart chambers, endothelium, simple
squamous (flattened) epithelium
Arteries: leave the heart
Veins: enter the heart
Congenital defects of the heart:
Ventricular septal defects: abnormal opening in the walls between the two ventricles
Patent ductus Arteriousus: not closing of vessel in aorta after birth, resulting in mixing of
oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood
Contractions of the aorta: part of the aorta is narrowed, increasing work load on left
ventricle
Tetralogy of fallot: multiple defects. Pulmonary truck too narrow and pulmonary valve
stenosed. Ventricular septal defect.
Atrioventrical valves (cuspid): right and left
Blood returning to heart fills atria, putting pressure against valve, valve opens
Semilunar valves: right (pulmonary valve) and left (aortic valve)
Heart sounds: heard with the aid of a stethoscope (lub-dub)
“Beats” heard are caused by closure of valves
First sound: closure of atrioventricular valves (lub)
Second sound: closer of aortic and pulmonary valves (dub)
Heart murmurs: useful in diagnosing heart disease
Caused by poor opening or closing of valves
Holes in the heart: either connecting atria or ventricles
Cardio-pulmonary circulation
Right side: vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery (deoxygenated blood)
Left side: pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle (oxygenated blood)
Coronary circulation
The heart itself is a muscle and needs its own supply of blood
Aorta, coronary arteries, arterioles, cardiac capillaries (oxygenated)
Cardiac muscle pumps between
Venules, cardiac veins, coronary sinus (Enlarged vein), right atrium
Cardiac muscle tissue
Striated, involuntary, branched, one or two nuclei, inter calculated discs
Intercalated discs contain:
Demosomes: riviets to prevent heart ripping apart during contraction
Gap junctions: tiny sieves that allow rapid communications between all cells
Heart electrical system: referred to as “intrinsic conducting system”
Inside Intrinsic conducting system
Sinoatrial (SA) node: electrical pace maker
Atrioventricular (AV) node: received impulses originating from SA node
Bundle of His: electrical link between atria and ventricles
Purkinje fibres: distribute impulses to ventricles
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Document Summary
Pericardium: outer brous sac, inner serous layer (secretes slippery uid to prevent friction) Myocardium: thick cardiac muscle walls, much thicker in left ventricle than right. Endocardium: innermost surface that lines the heart chambers, endothelium, simple squamous ( attened) epithelium. Ventricular septal defects: abnormal opening in the walls between the two ventricles. Patent ductus arteriousus: not closing of vessel in aorta after birth, resulting in mixing of oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood. Contractions of the aorta: part of the aorta is narrowed, increasing work load on left ventricle. Pulmonary truck too narrow and pulmonary valve stenosed. Blood returning to heart lls atria, putting pressure against valve, valve opens. Semilunar valves: right (pulmonary valve) and left (aortic valve) Heart sounds: heard with the aid of a stethoscope (lub-dub) Beats heard are caused by closure of valves. Second sound: closer of aortic and pulmonary valves (dub) Caused by poor opening or closing of valves. Holes in the heart: either connecting atria or ventricles.
