HNN114 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Constipation, Gingivitis, Eccrine Sweat Gland
HNN114
NUTRITION, METABOLIC AND ELIMINATION ASSESSMENT
1
PRINCIPLES OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
THE MOUTH
This includes the oral cavity (lips, palate, cheeks and tongue).
The mouth contains three pairs of salivary glands.
- Parotid gland: the largest, lies within the cheeks in front of the ear, extending from the zygomatic
arch down to the angle of the jaw.
- Submandibular gland: is the size of a walnut and lies beneath the mandible at the angle of the jaw.
- Sublingual gland: is the smallest, the size of almond and lies within the floor of the mouth under
the tongue.
THE THYROID GLAND
The thyroid gland is an important endocrine gland with a rich blood supply. It straddles the trachea in the
middle of the neck. It synthesises and secretes hormones that stimulate the rate of cellular metabolism.
THE PANCREAS
The pancreas is a soft, lobulated gland located behind the stomach. It stretches obliquely across the
posterior abdominal wall to the LUQ. Its endocrine tissue regulates blood glucose levels by secreting
glucagon and insulin.
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NUTRTITIONAL STATUS
- Optimal nutritional status: is achieved when sufficient nutrients are consumed to support day-to-
day body needs and any increased metabolic demands due to growth, pregnancy or illness.
- Nutrition is the sum of all the interactions between an organism and the food it consumes.
- Under-nutrition: occur when nutritional reserves are depleted and/or when nutrient intake is
inadequate to meet day-to-day needs or added metabolic demands.
- Over-nutrition: is caused by the consumption of nutrients in excess of body needs.
Nutrients are organic and inorganic substances found in foods that are required for body functioning.
Nutrients have three major functions: providing energy for body processes and movement, providing
structural material for body tissues, and regulating body processes.
Poor nutrition can lead to reduced immunity, increases susceptibility to disease, impaired physical and
mental development and reduced productivity.
SKIN
- Epideris: thi ut tough lae, ells ae oud tightl togethe ito sheets that fo a ugged
potetie aie. It statified ito seeal zoes. It is thi eept o the sufaes that ae eposed
to fitio, suh as the pals ad soles as the ae oe ok ad eight eaig. Ski olou is
deied fo thee soues . Melai; . Caotee; . Vasula ed.
- Deris: The ie suppotie lae osistig of oetie tissue o ollage. Tough, fious
potei that eales the ski to esist teaig. It allos the ski steth ith od oeets due
to its elastiit. The ee, seso eeptos, lood essels ad lphatis lie i the deis, as ell
as hai folliles ad
glads.
- Suutaeous: This is
adipose tissue, hih
is ade up of loules
of fat ells. The
suutaeous tissue
stoes fat fo eeg,
poides isulatio
fo tepeatue
otol ad aids i
potetio its soft
ushioig effet. It
also gies ieased
oilit.
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Document Summary
This includes the oral cavity (lips, palate, cheeks and tongue). The mouth contains three pairs of salivary glands. Parotid gland: the largest, lies within the cheeks in front of the ear, extending from the zygomatic arch down to the angle of the jaw. Submandibular gland: is the size of a walnut and lies beneath the mandible at the angle of the jaw. Sublingual gland: is the smallest, the size of almond and lies within the floor of the mouth under the tongue. The thyroid gland is an important endocrine gland with a rich blood supply. It straddles the trachea in the middle of the neck. It synthesises and secretes hormones that stimulate the rate of cellular metabolism. The pancreas is a soft, lobulated gland located behind the stomach. It stretches obliquely across the posterior abdominal wall to the luq. Its endocrine tissue regulates blood glucose levels by secreting glucagon and insulin.
