HNN114 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Homeostasis, Tonsil, Inter-Rater Reliability
HNN114
NEUROLOGICAL AND NEUROVASCULAR ASSESSMENT
1
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord. The PNS includes 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of
spinal nerves. The PNS carries sensory (afferent) messages to the CNS from sensory receptors, motor
(efferent) messages from the CNS out to muscles and glands, as well as autonomic messages that govern
the internal organs and blood vessels.
The skull is a rigid bony box that protects the brain and special sense organs, and it includes the bones of
the cranium and face.
The major neck muscles are the
sternocleidomastoid (arises from
the sternum and the medial part of
the clavicle) and the trapezius (there
a 2, each arises from the occipital
bone and the vertebrae extends,
fanning out to the scapula and
clavicle).
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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Cerebral cortex is the ererus outer laer of ere ell odies ad is the etre for the huas highest
functions, governing memory, thought, reasoning, sensation and voluntary movement.
- Frontal lobe: reasoning, concentration, personality, behaviour, emotions and intellectual function.
- Precentral gyrus: of the frontal lobe is the primary centre involved in the voluntary contralateral
movement.
- Parietal lobe: postcentral gyrus is the primary centre for the interpretation of contralateral
sensation.
- Occipital lobe: primary visual receptor centre, some visual reflexes and involuntary smooth eye
movements.
- Temporal lobe: is behind the ear and have the primary auditory reception centre, language
function, learning and memory.
- Wernicke’s area: temporal lobe is associated with language comprehension; the person hears
soud ut doest uderstad it.
- Broca’s area: in the frontal lobe mediates motor speech. When injured in the dominant hemisphere
the person may experience, the person can understand but cannot talk.
- Basal ganglia: large bands of grey matter buried deep within the two cerebral hemisphere that
initiate
- Thalamus: main relay station for the nervous system where sensory pathways of the spinal cord
and brainstem form synapses (sites of contact between 2 neurons) on their way to cerebral cortex.
Crucial to emotion and creativity.
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HNN114
NEUROLOGICAL AND NEUROVASCULAR ASSESSMENT
3
- Hypothalamus: major respiratory control centre, with basic vital functions (temp, HR, BP, appetite,
sleep centre, sexual arousal, regulates autonomic system and emotional status.
- Brainstem: central core of the brain consisting of mostly nerve fibres (midbrain, pons, medulla)
- Spinal cord: long cylindrical structure of nervous tissue with a circumference about as big as that of
the little finger. It is the main highway for ascending and descending fibre tracts that connect to the
brain to the spinal nerves.
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM
A nerve is a bundle of
fibres outside of the CNS.
The peripheral nerves
carry input to the CNS via
their sensory afferent
fibres and deliver output
from the CNS via the
efferent fibres.
- Reflex arc:
involuntary basic defence mechanism of the
nervous system. There are 4 types of reflexes
(deep tendon reflexes (knee jerk), superficial
(abdominal reflex), visceral (pupil response to
light), pathological (plantar reflex)).
- Cranial nerves: lower motor neurons that enter
and exit the brain rather than the spinal cord.
Cranial nerves I and II extend from the
cerebrum; cranial nerves III-XII extend from the
lower diencephalon and brainstem.
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Document Summary
The cns includes the brain and spinal cord. The pns includes 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves. The pns carries sensory (afferent) messages to the cns from sensory receptors, motor (efferent) messages from the cns out to muscles and glands, as well as autonomic messages that govern the internal organs and blood vessels. The skull is a rigid bony box that protects the brain and special sense organs, and it includes the bones of the cranium and face. Cerebral cortex is the (cid:272)ere(cid:271)ru(cid:373)(cid:859)s outer la(cid:455)er of (cid:374)er(cid:448)e (cid:272)ell (cid:271)odies a(cid:374)d is the (cid:272)e(cid:374)tre for the hu(cid:373)a(cid:374)(cid:859)s highest functions, governing memory, thought, reasoning, sensation and voluntary movement. Frontal lobe: reasoning, concentration, personality, behaviour, emotions and intellectual function. Precentral gyrus: of the frontal lobe is the primary centre involved in the voluntary contralateral movement. Parietal lobe: postcentral gyrus is the primary centre for the interpretation of contralateral sensation.
