HNN114 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Congenital Heart Defect, Lightheadedness, Pallor

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1 Jun 2018

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HNN114

CARDIOVASCULAR ASSESSMENT

CARDIOVASCULAR ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

ARTERIES

The heart pumps freshly oxygenated blood through the arteries to all body tissues. The arteries are strong

and withstand the pressure system.

The function of the arteries is to supply oxygen and essential nutrients to the tissues.

VEINS

The body has more veins than arteries and they lie closer to the skin.

The legs have 3 types of veins:

- Deep veins: they run alongside arteries and conduct most of venous return (femoral and popliteal)

- Superficial veins: great and small saphenous

- Perforators: connecting veins

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LYMPHATICS

The vessels drain into main trunks, which empty into the venous system at the subclavian vein.

- The right lymphatic duct empties into the right subclavian vein. It drains the right side

- The left lymphatic duct drains the rest of the body and empties into the left subclavian vein.

Lymph nodes are small oval clumps of lymphatic tissue located at intervals along vessels.

Nodes filter fluid before it is returned to the bloodstream and filter out pathogens.

- Cervical nodes drain head and neck

- Axillary nodes drain breast and upper arm

- Epitrochlear node drains

the hand and lower arm

- Inguinal node drains legs,

external genitalia and

anterior abdominal wall

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HNN114

CARDIOVASCULAR ASSESSMENT

HEART WALL AND CHAMBERS

The heat all has  laes…

- Pericardium is a tough, fibrous, double walled sac that surrounds and protects the heart

- Myocardium is the muscular wall of the heart; it does the pumping

- Endocardium is the thin of endothelial tissue that lines the inner surface of the heart chambers and

valves

Each side of the heart has

an atrium and ventricle

- The atrium is a

thin-walled

reservoir for

holding blood

- The ventricle is

thick-walled is the

muscular pumping

chamber

The valves prevent the

backflow of blood and separate the chambers

- The right AV (atrioventricular valve) is the tricuspid valve

- The left AV is the bicuspid/mitral valve

DIRECTION OF BLOOD

FLOW

1. From liver to right atrium

through inferior cava.

Superior vena cava drains

venous blood from the

head and upper

extremities. From RA,

venous blood travels

through tricuspid valve to

2. From RV, venous blood

flows through pulmonic

valve to pulmonary

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Document Summary

The heart pumps freshly oxygenated blood through the arteries to all body tissues. The arteries are strong and withstand the pressure system. The function of the arteries is to supply oxygen and essential nutrients to the tissues. The body has more veins than arteries and they lie closer to the skin. Deep veins: they run alongside arteries and conduct most of venous return (femoral and popliteal) The vessels drain into main trunks, which empty into the venous system at the subclavian vein. The right lymphatic duct empties into the right subclavian vein. The left lymphatic duct drains the rest of the body and empties into the left subclavian vein. Lymph nodes are small oval clumps of lymphatic tissue located at intervals along vessels. Nodes filter fluid before it is returned to the bloodstream and filter out pathogens. Axillary nodes drain breast and upper arm. Epitrochlear node drains the hand and lower arm.

Related Questions

1. Which of the following is the correct sequence of bloodflow?

a. heart --> atery --> arteriole --> capillary -->vein --> venule --> heart

b. heart --> vein --> venule --> capillary -->arteriole --> artery --> heart

c. heart --> artery --> arteriole --> capillary -->venule --> vein --> heart

d. heart --> artery --> venule --> capillary -->arteriole --> vein --> heart

e. heart--> artery --> capillary --> arteriole -->venule --> vein --> heart

2. What are the functions of the elastic fibers that are foundin the walls of ateries? (there may be more than one answer)

Select one or more:

a. they allow the artery to stretch and then recoil back to itsoriginal shape as blood is forcegully pumped from the heart intothe arteries

b. they allow arteries to lengthen as the volume of blood in thearteries increase

c. they help maintain a steady blood pressure during thedifferent phases of heart contraction

d. they smooth out the walls of the arteries to preventturbulent blood flow

3. Which of the following are functions of the lymphatic system?(there may be more than one answer)

Select one or more:

a. help fight infections and cancer

b. allows excess interstitial fluid (fluid found between thecells in your tissues) to get dumped back into your blood

c. brings large molecules from fat digestion into thebloodstream so that they can be processed and stored

d. all of the above are functions of the lymphatic system

4. Which of the following blood vessels bring newly oxygenatedblood from the blood vessels in the lungs back to the heart so thatthe heart can pump it to the rest of the body?

Select one:

a. aorta

b. inferior vena cava

c. pulmonary vein

d. pulmonary artery

5. Which of the following mechanisms help blood fight gravity sothat, for instance, it can return from blood vessels in your feetback into your heart? (there may be more than one answer)

Select one or more:

a. breathing allows the pressure in your chest to decrease andallow blood to flow up towards your heart

b. as you walk, the skeletal muscles in your legs contract andsqueeze the veins; since veins have valves, blood flows up anddoesn't backflow back down

c. the force of blood flowing out of the heart and into thearteries pushes all of the blood along, causing blood to return tothe heart

d. precapillary sphincters open to allow blood to flow backtowards the heart

6. The tricuspid and bicuspid/mitral valves prevent backflow ofblood from the atria into the ventricles.

Select one:

True

False

7. The following sequence represents the correct order of bloodflow through the heart:

inferior and superior vena cava --> right atrium --> rightventricle --> pulmonary artery --> lungs --> pulmonaryvein --> left atrium --> left ventricle --> aorta

Select one:

True

False

8. Capillaries are as wide as one red blood cell.

Select one:

True

False

9. The purpose of the coronary arteries is to bring oxygenatedblood to the walls of the heart so that the muscles in the heartwalls can contract.

Select one:

True

False

10. Vasodilation refers to the narrowing of blood vessels.

Select one:

True

False

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HNN114 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Congenital Heart Defect, Lightheadedness, Pallor

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