HUMB1000 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Mediastinum, Trachea, Homeostasis
27 Jun 2018
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Human Structure and Function Course Notes
HSF Compendium 1 Notes
C1 L1 – The Human Body – iLecture Notes
What is Anatomy?
- Anatomy: scientific discipline that investigates the structure of body parts and how they relate to each other.
- Includes the study of systems, organs, tissues, the shapes of the organs, what the organs are made of, the position
in the body and their locations.
Levels of Anatomy
- 1) Gross anatomy (macroscopic): structures examined without the aid of a microscope.
- a) Systemic: body is studied system by system; e.g. integumentary system: skin, hair, nails and sweat glands,
skeletal system: bones and cartilage, and muscular system: muscles
- b) Regional: body is studied area by area or region by region; identify the relationship between different
structures of an area; e.g. in the arm you can study the muscles, nerves and blood vessels.
- 2) Surface: study of the external form of the body and its relation to deeper structures; e.g. using the sternum and
the ribs you can identify where the heart sits.
- Is a type of gross or macroscopic anatomy.
- 3) Microscopic: structures examined with the aid of a microscope; common forms = cytology, histology.
- Cytology: study of cells and their content; e.g. urine cytology = urine sample examined for the presence of
abnormal cells.
- Histology: study of tissues and the cells that make up the tissue; can be used for diagnostic purposes such as for
the diagnoses of melanoma – a mole can be biopsied and viewed under a microscope to view the types of cells
that make up that sample.
- 4) Developmental: structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span; may look at how different
parts of the body develops from in utero to a fully grown adult.
What is Physiology?
- Physiology: study of the function of living things.
Levels of Physiology
- Molecular: examines the activity of molecules in a cell; e.g. proteins in a cell, protein channels in a cell membrane,
receptors found on a cell membrane.
- Cellular: examines how cells interact and communicate with each other.
- Systemic: examines the physiology of the cells and tissues of the organs of body systems.
- Neurophysiology: examines the physiology of the nervous system.
- Renal: examines the physiology of the kidneys and urinary system.
- Cardiovascular: examines the physiology of the heart, the blood circulation and the blood vessels.
Examples of Anatomical and Physiological Studies
- Measuring the electrical conductivity of the heart = physiological.
- Viewing cells under a microscope = anatomical.
- Using a vitalograph to test respiratory function = physiological.
- Observing the interior and exterior structures of the brain = anatomical.
- Measuring blood pressure after running a race = physiological.
- Dissecting a heart = anatomical.
Organisation of the Human Body
- Atomic level -> molecular level
- Atoms (e.g. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen) interact to form molecules (e.g. DNA, RNA, sugar, water).
- Molecular level -> cellular level
- Molecules (e.g. DNA, RNA) combine to form organelles (e.g. nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, etc.)
of a cell.
Document Summary
C1 l1 the human body ilecture notes. Anatomy: scientific discipline that investigates the structure of body parts and how they relate to each other. Includes the study of systems, organs, tissues, the shapes of the organs, what the organs are made of, the position in the body and their locations. 1) gross anatomy (macroscopic): structures examined without the aid of a microscope. A) systemic: body is studied system by system; e. g. integumentary system: skin, hair, nails and sweat glands, skeletal system: bones and cartilage, and muscular system: muscles. B) regional: body is studied area by area or region by region; identify the relationship between different structures of an area; e. g. in the arm you can study the muscles, nerves and blood vessels. 2) surface: study of the external form of the body and its relation to deeper structures; e. g. using the sternum and the ribs you can identify where the heart sits.
