HUMB1000 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Grey Matter, Occipital Lobe, Corpus Callosum
21 Jun 2018
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C9 L1 – Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves:
Spina cord:
- Extends from the formamen magnum to the 1st/2nd lumbar vertebrae
- Divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal regions
- 31 pairs of spinal nerves (8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal)
- Enlargements supply to limbs (conus medullaris)
- Pointy end = conus medullaris, cauda equina (horses tail)
Meninges: connective tissue covering of the CNS
- Protects CNS and its blood vessels
- Contains the cerebrospinal fluid
- Forms partitions in the skull
Layers:
- Dura mater (thick, tough, holds brain in place)
oPeriosteal dura
oDural venus sinus
Venus blood
Dural folds
oMeningeal dura
oSubdural space (serous fluid)
- Arachnoid mater (thin, wispy)
- Subarachnoid space (cerebrospinal fluid and blood vessels)
- Pia mater (many blood vessels, bound to surface of brain)
Nerve structure:
- Endoneurium surrounds each axon and its Schwann cells
- Perineurium surrounds a group of axons or a nerve fascicle
- Epineurium surrounds a group of fascicles
C9 L2 – Brain and Cranial Nerves:
Forebrain: cerebrum and diencephalon
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Midbrain: (midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata form the brain stem)
Hindbrain: pons, medulla oblongata and cerebellum
Medulla Oblongata:
- Autonomic reflex centre maintaining body homeostasis
- Cardiovascular centre (regulates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, heart contraction force)
- Respiratory centre (regulates rate and depth of breathing)
- Other reflexes (swallowing vomiting, hiccupping, coughing, sneezing)
Pons:
- Bridge
- Contains conduction tracts
oLongitudinal tracts from the spinal cord to higher brain centres
oTransverse tracts from the cerebrum (motor cortex) and cerebellum
- Sleep centre: rapid eye movement
- Respiratory centre as well
Midbrain:
- Receives visual, auditory and tactile sensory input generating reflex movements of the head,
eyes and body
- Controlling movement of the eye (dilation)
Cerebellum:
- Controls locomotion (running) in association with the cerebrum
- Controls fine motor control (writing)
- Controls posture and balance
Diencephalon:
- Thalamus (largest)
oSensory relay centre
oAnything you hear, see or touch
oRegulates mood, memory and strong emotions eg. Fear and rage
- Subthalamus
- Epithalamus
- Hypothalamus
oMaintains homeostasis via the endocrine system
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oDigestive activities (food intake, water balance and thirst)
oMuscles in swallowing
oBody temperature
oSex drive and sexual pleasure
oMood, motivation and emotions
oSleep/wake cycle
Cerebrum:
- Gyri (elevated tissue or folds)
oPrecentral gyrus – primary somatic motor cortex, fine motor
oPost central gyrus – primary somatic sensory cortex, pain, pressure, temperature)
- Sulci (grooves)
- Fissures (deep grooves)
oLongitudinal fissure separates left and right hemispheres
oLateral fissure separates temporal lobe from the rest of the cerebrum
oCentral sulcus separates front lobe from parietal lobe
- Frontal lobe (voluntary motor function, motivation, planning, aggression, smell, regulation of
emotional behaviour, and mood)
- Parietal lobe (area which receives most of the sensory input, except for smell, hearing, tastes
and vision ie. Touch, temperature, pain as it contains the postcentral gyrus)
- Occipital lobe (receives and processes visual input)
- Temporal lobe receive and processes smell and hearing and role in memory
- Insula receives and processes taste information
- Grey matter in cerebral cortex: cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals
and neuroglial cells
- White matter in cerebral medulla: myelinated axons
- Corpus callosum connects two central hemispheres together
Limbic system:
- Role in memory
- “emotional brain” gestures
Cerebrospinal fluid:
- Most produced by the choroid plexus
- Found around brain and spinal cord
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Document Summary
C9 l1 spinal cord and spinal nerves: Extends from the formamen magnum to the 1st/2nd lumbar vertebrae. Divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal regions. 31 pairs of spinal nerves (8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal) Pointy end = conus medullaris, cauda equina (horses tail) Dura mater (thick, tough, holds brain in place: periosteal dura, dural venus sinus. Dural folds: meningeal dura, subdural space (serous fluid) Pia mater (many blood vessels, bound to surface of brain) Endoneurium surrounds each axon and its schwann cells. Perineurium surrounds a group of axons or a nerve fascicle. Midbrain: (midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata form the brain stem) Cardiovascular centre (regulates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, heart contraction force) Respiratory centre (regulates rate and depth of breathing) Contains conduction tracts: longitudinal tracts from the spinal cord to higher brain centres, transverse tracts from the cerebrum (motor cortex) and cerebellum.
