PSYC101 Lecture Notes - Lateralization Of Brain Function, Temporal Lobe, Explicit Memory
10 Jun 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Memory
Models of Memory
Why is it important?
•Fundamental to daily function
•Creates meaningful life narratives
•Learn from mistakes
Divisions of memory
•Explicit vs implicit
◦Explicit> declarative memory: learning information that is consciously
recollected
◦Implicit> non-declarative memory: skill and procedural leaning that occurs
unconsciously
•Verbal vs visual (sensory)
◦Imperfect lateralisation for memory
◦Left temporal lobe damage
•disrupts memory for stories, words, and numbers
◦Right temporal lobe damage
•disrupts memory for faces, figures, and tunes
•Episodic vs semantic
◦Episodic: Memory for events – rich in detail and context, personally
experienced, specific to time and place, requires mental time travel
◦Semantic: Store of factual knowledge, words and concepts – personal or not,
independent of context
•Retrospective vs prospective
◦Prospective: Remembering to remember
Week 9 -Lecture
Friday, 5 May 2017
10:31 AM
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find more resources at oneclass.com
◦Prospective: Remembering to remember
◦Integration of planning skills (executive functions), attention, and memory
Models of Memory
•Often take memory for granted
•Simple acts are often inherently complex
•Multiple models of memory attempt to explain how information is encoded,
stored and retrieved:
◦Multiple memory systems-brain contains independent memory systems
◦Levels-of-processing model
◦Transfer-appropriate processing model
Depth of processing
•How deeply information is encoded or processed
•Maintenance information rehearsal
◦Repeating information over an over
•Elaborative rehearsal
◦Relate new information to things you already know
Context and state dependence
•How you encode should match how you will retrieve
◦Context dependant memory: Same context for encoding and retrieval can
help with remembering
•For example: if you were in a car crash and you go down that same road as
the crash, it can bring up that specific memory
◦State dependant memory: Same emotional state for encoding and retrieval
can also help with remembering
Knowledge networks
•You integrate new experiences with existing knowledge or memories
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•You integrate new experiences with existing knowledge or memories
◦Everything you know is connected
Information Processing
•Atkinson and Shiffrin’s (1968) model was most influential
◦Two temporary storage units before long-term store
◦Three stages: Sensory register, short-term and long-term
Encoding
Frequently forget the names of people we have just met due to not
constructing a memory code for the name
Attention is diverted
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Active encoding is important
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•
How do we encode information?
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Attention
Need to pay attention
•
Selective attention is where we filter stimuli
•
Divded attention; difficulty focusing on two things at once
Watching tv while reading psychology textbook
▪
Reduces in memory ability
○
Brain can only handles one thing at a time
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•
Enriching Endcoding
Spacing
Masses rehearsel; one long session
Easy initial learning
▪
Highe state of activation
▪
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Spaced rehearsal; distributed over time
Doubles long-term retention
▪
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Elaboration
Linking incoming stimulus with other information
Link the information from this lecture to your own life
•
▪
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Visual imagery
Using images to represent words
Abstract versus concrete
•
Pavio el al (1968) examined the impact of low imagery
and high imagery words
•
Imagery = second king of memory
Dual coding theory
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•
▪
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Self-reference encoding
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•
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Why is it important: fundamental to daily function, creates meaningful life narratives, learn from mistakes. Explicit> declarative memory: learning information that is consciously recollected. Implicit> non-declarative memory: skill and procedural leaning that occurs unconsciously: verbal vs visual (sensory) Left temporal lobe damage: disrupts memory for stories, words, and numbers. Right temporal lobe damage: disrupts memory for faces, figures, and tunes, episodic vs semantic. Episodic: memory for events rich in detail and context, personally experienced, specific to time and place, requires mental time travel. Semantic: store of factual knowledge, words and concepts personal or not, independent of context: retrospective vs prospective. Integration of planning skills (executive functions), attention, and memory. Models of memory: often take memory for granted, simple acts are often inherently complex, multiple models of memory attempt to explain how information is encoded, stored and retrieved: Depth of processing: how deeply information is encoded or processed, maintenance information rehearsal. Relate new information to things you already know.
