BIOL125 Lecture Notes - Lecture 26: Phrenic Nerve, Elastin, Connective Tissue

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8 Jun 2018

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Ventilation

• 6.7. Ventilation

o Classification based on gas exchange

• Conducting zone

▪ Gas exchange doesn't occur

▪ Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, up to terminal

bronchioles

▪ Transport, cleanse, warm, moisten air

• Respiratory zone

▪ Gas exchange occurs

▪ Respiratory bronchioles, lead into alveolar ducts, which terminate in

clusters of alveoli called alveolar sacs

o Pulmonary ventilation - physical movement of air in and out of respiratory tract

• Inspiration (inhalation) - air flow into lungs

• Expiration (exhalation) - air flows out of lungs

• Air flows due to altering pressure from a region with higher pressure to a

region with lower pressure (passive process)

o 6.7.1. structures involved

• Thoracic cavity

▪ The thoracic cavity is bounded by bones of the shoulder girdle, rib cage,

sternum and diaphragm muscle

▪ Breathing involves changes in volume inside the thoracic cavity

▪ As the lung tissue occupies the space in the thoracic cavity, and increase

in cavity volume creates a pressure drop (suction) inside the alveoli

• Lung tissue and gas exchange

▪ Normal region of gas exchange = respiratory zone

▪ This region contains high elastic tissue

▪ Alveolar sacs contain air

▪ Alveolar membrane is moist and contains surfactant to stop alveolar

surfaces from sticking to itself and therefore promotes air flow and gas

exchange

• 6.7.1.1. function of pleurae

▪ Each lung is contained with a double-membraned pleural sac of

• Visceral pleura against the lung tissue

• Parietal pleura against the ribs and thoracic wall

▪ Intrapleural fluid under negative pressure (under a vacuum) circulates

between the pleura and holds the tissue against the inner wall of the

thorax

▪ Keeps the lungs supported and inflated

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o 6.7.2. pressure differences

• Pressures involved

▪ Atmospheric pressure (Patm) is the pressure of the air outside the body

• Sea level = 760 mmHg

▪ Intra-alveolar pressure (Palv)/intrapulmonary pressure is the pressure

inside the alveoli of the lungs

• Rises and falls during ventilation (+/-1 mmHg during quiet

breathing)

▪ Intrapleural pressure (PIP) is the pressure within the pleural cavity

• Pip is always lower than atmospheric and intrapulmonary

pressures (756 mmHg)

• Under negative pressure

• Lung pressures with inspiration and expiration

▪ Gas can only move along airways into or out of lungs when there is a

pressure gradient

▪ To create inspiration, pressure inside lungs (intrapulmonary P) must be

less than atmospheric pressure (high out, lower inside)

▪ To expire, intrapulmonary P must be greater than atmospheric pressure

(higher in, lower out)

• Decrease in volume required

• Pinside lung > Poutside air -> expiration

• Pinside lung < Poutside air -> inspiration

• Pressure changes and volumes changes are linked to each other

▪ Changing the volume of the chest cavity (by contracting and relaxing

thoracic muscles) creates the changes in lung pressure that result in

ventilation

▪ Relationship between Volume and Pressure for gases is according to

Boyle's Law

• Pressure of a confined gas is inversely proportional to its volume

at a constant temperature

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• Change pressure by altering volume of thoracic cavity

▪ Alter the length of the cavity

▪ Alter the width (anterior-posterior diameter) of the cavity

• Importance of pressure relationships

▪ Pressure difference between the alveoli and the pleural cavity (Palv - Pip)

keeps the airspace in lungs open

▪ Negative pressure of intrapleural space and tight coupling of the lungs

to the thoracic walls is extremely important

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Related Questions

QUESTION 1

Cellular respiration uses________to produce energy and releases ________as a waste product.

		O₂; CO₂
		CO₂; O₂
		ATP; G3P
		G3P; ATP

5 points

QUESTION 2

Select all of the following that compose the conducting pathways in the respiratory system.

		nasal cavity
		Pharynx
		Larynx
		Trachea
		Bronchi
		Alveoli

5 points

QUESTION 3

Match each structure with its' function.

- A. B. C. D. E. F. G.	Nasal Cavity
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G.	Alveoli
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G.	Larynx
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G.	Trachea
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G.	Bronchi
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G.	Bronchioles
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G.	Pharynx

A.	Throat
B.	Very small branches of bronchi within the lungs.
C.	Larger branching passages for air within the lungs.
D.	Location of gas exchange with the blood.
E.	Carries air from larynx and branches into bronchi.
F.	Location of the voice box, earliest location where only air passes.
G.	Carry air into the pharynx, earliest location of cleaning, warming, and humidifying the air.

8 points

QUESTION 4

Mammals are able to inhale because increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity will decrease the pressure within the lungs. This is called_____

		pump-controlled breathing
		forced inflation breathing
		negative-pressure breathing
		stretch breathing

6 points

QUESTION 5

Indentify which muscles are primarily responsible for quiet (normal, relaxed) inspiration?

		diaphragm
		internal intercostals
		sclaenes
		abdominal muscles

coffeepig115

1. Match the word 1-39 above, with the descriptions labled a-t. Word 1-39 can be uses only one please!!

1. alveolar macrophages 2. alveoli 3. Bohr effect 4. bronchi 5. bronchiole 6. cerebral cortex 7. chloride shift 8. compliance 9. costal breathing 10. Daltonâs law 11. diaphragmatic breathing 12. epiglottis 13. eupnea 14. expiratory reserve volume 15. fauces 16. functional residual capacity 17. Haldane effect 18. Henryâs law 19. hilum 20. hypothalamus 21. inferior, middle, and superior nasal meatuses 22. inspiratory capacity 23. larynx 24. limbic system 25. medulla oblongata 26. nose 27. paranasal sinuses 28. pharynx 29. pleural membranes 30. pons 31. primary bronchus 32. secondary bronchus 33. surface tension 34. surfactant 35. terminal bronchiole 36. tertiary bronchus 37. total lung capacity 38. trachea 39. vital capacity

a) -------------------- serves as a sound resonating chamber; contains tonsils; directs air inferiorly

b) ------------------- passes air from pharynx into windpipe; site of sound production

c) ------------------ resonate(s) sound; not part of pharynx

D) ------------------ opening from oral cavity into pharynx

E) ----------------- carries air to a segment of a lung

F) -------------------- carries air directly into a respiratory bronchiole

G) ----------------- surround the lungs

H) ------------------ reduces surface tension at sites of gas exchange

i) -------------------- actual sites of gas exchange

j) --------------------- normal, quiet breathing

k) ----------------------- shallow breathing using just the external intercostal muscles

l) ------------------ amount of effort required to expand the lungs and chest wall

m) ------------------- tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume, usually about 3600 mL in males

n) ----------------- tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume; usually about 4800 mL in males

o) ------------------- residual volume + expiratory reserve volume; usually about 2400 mL in males

p) -------------------- states that the amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas and its solubility

q) ---------------- when pH decreases, O₂ saturation of hemoglobin decreases

r) ------------------ each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own partial pressure

s) ------------------- sets basic rhythm of breathing

t) ------------------------ includes the pontine respiratory group

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BIOL125 Lecture Notes - Lecture 26: Phrenic Nerve, Elastin, Connective Tissue

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