PSYC 2501 Chapter Notes - Chapter 7.3: Encoding Specificity Principle, Endel Tulving, Episodic Memory
26 Apr 2018
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Chapter 7
What does this mean for memory?
• Chapter summary
o Encoding is the process of acquiring information and transferring it into LTM
• Retrieval is transferring information from LTM into working memory
o Some mechanisms of encoding are more effective than others in transferring
information into LTM
• Maintenance rehearsal helps maintain information in STM but is not an
effective way of transferring information into LTM
• Elaborative rehearsal is a better way to establish long term memories
o Levels of processing theory states that memory depends on how information
is encoded or programmed into the mind
• According to this theory, shallow processing is not as effective as deep
processing
• An experiment by Craik and Tulving showed that memory was better
following deep processing than following shallow processing
o The idea of levels of processing, while influential, suffers from the problem of
circularity, because it is difficult to define depth of processing independently
of memory
o Evidence that encoding influences retrieval includes research looking into the
effects of
• Forming visual images
• Linking words to yourself
• Generating information (the generation effect)
• Organizing information
• Relating words to survival value
• Practicing retrieval (Testing effect)
o Retrieving long term memories is aided by retrieval cues
• This has been determined by cued recall experiments and experiments in
which subjects created retrieval cues that later helped them retrieve
memories
o Retrieval can be increased by matching conditions at retrieval to conditions
that existed in encoding
• This is illustrated by encoding specificity, state-dependent learning, and
matching types of processing (transfer-appropriate processing)
o The principle of encoding specificity states that we learn information along
with its context
• Godden and Baddeley's diving experiment and Grant's studying
experiment illustrate the effectiveness of encoding and retrieving
information under the same conditions
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