BIOL 2051 Chapter : Chapter 20 Notes

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azuremammoth471

15 Mar 2019

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T cells and antibodies to fight off pathogens: naturally acquired passive immunity, occurs when antibodies are passed from one host to another, ex. Antibodies pass through placenta from mother to fetus: these circulate in infants system for several months after birth, lasts few weeks to months, passive because baby is not making his own cells. Snakebite victim receives antivenom: lasts only a few weeks, passive because body is not making it, innate or non-specific immunity, first line of defense, phagocytic leukocytes, engulf & destroy pathogens. T cell lymphocytes resulting in: cell-mediated immunity (t cells, involves t cell lymphocytes (cancer) T lymphocytes: then as they are exposed to different antigens and are differentiated even further (specific, presentation of the antigen, when phagocytes digest pathogens, polypeptides from pathogen are bound to surface of phagocyte- & memory cells: th0 undifferentiated and do not differentiate into these types until they are involved with antigen.

Related Questions

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a tool that has been very useful in identifying what parts of the brain do what. Scientists can have a person perform some particular activity and then look for active areas in the brain. How does fMRI work?

	A.	It takes a picture of the inside of the brain according to electricity levels. The more electrical current in the area, the more active it is.
	B.	It takes a picture of the inside of the brain according to blood flow. More blood flow indicates more activity in that area.
	C.	It takes images of thin layers of the brain and the more electrical activity in a layer, the more magnetic it is and this shows up in fMRI.
	D.	Electrodes attached to the skull can trigger activity in particular brain areas which then trigger a person to perform certain behaviors.
	E.	It takes a picture of the brain according to oxygen levels. More oxygen in an area indicates more activity in that area.

The strategy of vaccination to fight diseases uses what type of immunity?

	A.	Non-specific immunity
	B.	Cell-mediated immunity
	C.	Natural immunity
	D.	Specific immunity
	E.	Passive immunity

If you came into contact with Vibrio, what defense do you have to keep it from even getting to your intestines?

	A.	Your skin is an effective barrier against bacteria you come in contact with.
	B.	Antimicrobial enzymes in saliva
	C.	Acid in the stomach
	D.	Mucous membranes in the digestive and respiratory tract
	E.	All of the above

What do B cells do when they identify a pathogen?

	A.	Engulf and eat it
	B.	Kill it
	C.	Produce antigens to bind to the pathogen and memory cells to guard against future infection.
	D.	Produce antibodies to bind to the pathogen and memory cells to guard against future infection.
	E.	Engage helper T cells to fight the infection

There are chemical signals that call on non-infected cells to help fight a virus. Which are they?

	A.	Complement proteins
	B.	Macrophages
	C.	B cells
	D.	Interferons
	E.	Natural killer cells

When someone gets a bone marrow transplant, they have to be quarantined and carefully protected from pathogens for a period of time afterward. Why?

	A.	Bone marrow produces the main cells involved in the specific immune response, so these patients are at special risk of infection until they build up enough marrow to produce sufficient cells.
	B.	Bone marrow produces blood cells, so they have insufficient circulation for a period of time so their immune system lacks the energy to fight off any infection.
	C.	Anytime a foreign substance, even someone else's bone marrow, is introduced to a body, there is an extra risk of infection.
	D.	A common complication of bone marrow transplants is infection, and doctor's don't want the infection to spread to others.
	E.	It's a traumatic procedure, and any extra stress on their body could kill them.

Host Defenses Activity

Our ability to fight off infection is three fold. Below is a list of terms that deal with our defenses. Match the definition with the terms on this sheet and then fill in the attached diagram with the terms below.

Host Defenses

1st Line of defense ___G_
2nd line of defense ____
3rd line of defense ____
Innate, nonspecific immunity____
Acquired, specific immunity____
T lymphocytes____
Complement____
Physical barriers____
Phagocytosis____
Chemical barriers____
Inflammatory response____
Fever____
B lymphocytes _____

Matching Definitions

A. immunity present at birth, provide nonspecific resistance to infection
B. Adaptive immunities: Immunity that develops after the interaction of antigens with the immune system
C. Many different types, involved in cell-to-cell contact or CMI
D. barrier that blocks invasion at the portal of entry
E. Protective cells and fluids; inflammation and phagocytosis
F .Acquired with exposure to foreign substance; produces protective antibodies and creates memory cells
G. Skin and mucus membranes
H. Bile, stomach acid, skin pH, lysozyme
I. Surveys tissue and discover microbes and dead or injured cells and removes them
J. 26 blood proteins that work to destroy bacteria and viruses
K. Rubor, tumor, calor, dolor
L. Initiated by circulating pyrogens which reset the hypothalamus to inhibit the growth of microbes
M. Responsible for AMI and production of antibodies

1. during inflamation fluid will passively diffuse out of blod vessels into the nearby infected tissue. This implies all of the following EXCEPT

a.the osmolarity of the fluid surrounding infected tissues is higher than the plasma b the surrounding tissue will swell with excessive fluids c near by cappilaries have become more pearmeable d B-lymphocyte will differeniate to become plasma cell

2. which of the following best describe the qualities of most antigens?

a macromolecules that are foreign to the host b atomic elements that are not normally present in the human body c macromolecules tah tare produced by the host organism d atomic elements that are harmful or toxic

3. an adbantages to adaptive immunity is

a its memory cell that provide quicker larger and more efficient immune response upon second exposure to an antigen b its need for several cells to be activated over several days on first exposure c the ability for its individul cells to respond to many differnt pathogens d the use of antibodies that cause cells lysis and kill invading cells

4, an advantages of innate immunity is

a its a barrier taht prevent pathogens from entering into the body b the specifcity of its individual cell which specialize in the removal on one type of antigen c the numerous step in the activation of its cell that can prevent autoimmune disease d the use of the antibodies to cause cell lysis and kill invading cell

5. B- lymphocytes are categorized as part of the adaptive branch of the immune sys for all of the following reason but one Which of the following is NOT one part of reason B lyphocytes are considered part of the adaptive immunity?

a they produce memory cell when activated b their receptors will bind to only one antigen c they require costimulation from an activated T helper cell d thet are a first line of defense that can begin killing

6. Over lap in the innate and adaptive immune sys is seen in all of the following examples but one Which of the following examples does NOT illustrate the over lap of innate and adaptive immune resposes ??? a dendritic cell presenting antigen on their MHC II proteins to T helper cells b macrophage becoming activated macrophages in response to cytokines realesed by T helper cells c natural killer cell causing of an abnoraml host cell lacking MHC proteins d Plasma cell that produce large amounts of IgE that will ultimetly allow mast cell to relase histamine

7. Which of the following examples below describe an autoimmune disease? a infection and death of T helper cells bya virus resulting in a loss of adaptive immunity b realse of bacterial endotoxins that block acetylcholine realse result is muscle paralysis c antibody binding to acetylcholine receptors of hte motor end palte resulting in muscle weakness.d uncontrolled cell division resulting in cell surface abnormalities recognized by natural killer cell.

8. Which of he following does NOT describe actions of interferon IFN? a virally infected cell can release interferon which attracts natural killer cell to attack and kill the IFN secreting cell b IFN binds to normal uninfected cell stimulating the activation of genes that produce anti viral proteins c IFN will attract macrophages to the secreting cell to be removed bt phagocytosis d IFN can penetrate the virla capsid and destroy the virus

BIOL 2051 Chapter : Chapter 20 Notes

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