ANTH 1002 Chapter Notes - Chapter 11: Industrial Revolution, Tsukiji, Triangular Trade
Chapter 11: The Global Economy
I. What is an economy, and what is its purpose
A. Economy: a cultural adaptation to the environment that enables a group of humans to use the
available land, resources, and labor to satisfy their needs and to thrive
B. From foraging to industrial agriculture: a brief survey of food production
B.1. Food foragers: humans who subsist by hunting, fishing, and gathering plants to
eat
B.2. Pastoralism, horticulture, and agriculture
B.2.a) Pastoralism: a strategy for food production involving the
domestication of animals
B.2.b) Horticulture: the cultivation of plants for subsistence through
nonintensive use of land and labor
B.2.c) Agriculture: an intensive farming strategy for food production
involving permanently cultivated land
B.3. Industrial agriculture
B.3.a) Carrying capacity: the number of people who can be supported by the
resources of the surrounding region
C. Distribution and exchange
C.1. Reciprocity: the exchange of resources, goods, and services among people of
relatively equal status; meant to create and reinforce social ties
C.1.a) Generalized reciprocity: exchanges in which the value of what is
exchanged is not carefully calculated and the timing or amount of repayment is
not predetermined
C.2. Redistribution: a form of exchange in which accumulated wealth is collected
from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern
C.3. Market exchange
C.3.a) Barter: the exchange of goods and services, one for the other
II. What are the roots of today’s global economy?
A. Early long-distance trade routes
B. Colonialism: the practice by which a nation-state extends political, economic, and military power
beyond its own borders over an extended period of time to secure access to raw materials, cheap
labor, and markets in other countries or regions
C. The triangle trade
D. The industrial revolution
E. Anti-colonial struggles
F. The modern world economic system
F.1. Conflicting theories
F.1.a) Modernization theories: post-world war II economic theories that
predicted that with the end of colonialism, less-developed countries would
follow the same trajectory toward modernization as the industrialized countries
F.1.b) Development: post-world war II strategy of wealthy nations to spur
global economic growth, alleviate poverty, and raise living standards through
strategic investment in national economies of former colonies
F.1.c) Dependency theory: a critique of modernization theory arguing that
despite the end of colonialism, the underlying economic relations of the modern
world economic system had not changed
F.1.d) Underdevelopment: the term used to suggest that poor countries are
poor as a result of their relationship to an unbalanced global economic system
F.2. Core and periphery
F.2.a) Core countries: industrialized colonial states that dominate the world
economic system
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Document Summary
Food foragers: humans who subsist by hunting, fishing, and gathering plants to. Pastoralism: a strategy for food production involving the domestication of animals. Horticulture: the cultivation of plants for subsistence through nonintensive use of land and labor. Agriculture: an intensive farming strategy for food production. Carrying capacity: the number of people who can be supported by the: distribution and exchange resources of the surrounding region. Reciprocity: the exchange of resources, goods, and services among people of relatively equal status; meant to create and reinforce social ties. Generalized reciprocity: exchanges in which the value of what is exchanged is not carefully calculated and the timing or amount of repayment is not predetermined. Redistribution: a form of exchange in which accumulated wealth is collected. C. 2. from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern. Barter: the exchange of goods and services, one for the other.
