PSYC 111 Chapter Notes - Chapter 11: Carl Jung, Anal Retentiveness, Hans Eysenck
18 Jun 2018
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Chapter Objectives:
●To describe, in a general sense, the major theories of personality and how each
of them view personality assessment.
●Provide an introduction to major issues of personality to set the stage for
understanding personality disorders in subsequent chapters.
Brief Lecture Outline:
I. General overview of personality
● Personality: refers to an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, acting, feeling, and
behaving. 2 key elements:
○ Uniqueness: how we differ from others
○ Persistence: how specific aspects of our personality change over time
● Personality trait: a durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of
situations
II. Goals for understanding personality
● Description of individual characteristics
● Prediction of how people will act under varying circumstances
● Explanation of how physiological____
III. Major theories of personality
● Psychodynamic theory
○ Includes all of the diverse theories descended from the work of Sigmund Freud,
which focus on unconscious mental forces
■ Sigmund Freud: psychoanalysis
■ Carl Jung: the collective unconscious
■ Alfred Adler: striving for superiority
● Social Cognitive
○ Explains how personality is shaped through learning, focusing on quantifiable
behaviors rather than observable processes
○ Applies principles of learning, thinking and social conflict to personality
■ BF Skinner: operant conditioning
■ Albert Bandura: social learning theory
● Humanistic
○ Emphasizes the unique qualities of humans especially their freedom and their
potential for personal growth and self fulfillment
■ Maslow: Hierarchy
■ Carl Rogers
● Trait (Biological)
○ States that specific dimensions of our personality (traits) can be described and
quantified. These dimensions are biologically expressed dispositions
■ Hans Eysenck: state vs trait
■ Robert McCrae and Paul Costa: the five factor model
IV. Psychodynamic theory
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A. Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory (1856-1939)
● Proposes that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence
personality
○ Personality is a derivative of conflicts
1. Personality structures
● Note: these are NOT physical entities but rather abstract psychological
concepts
●Id: constantly strives to satisfy basic biological drives. Operates on the
pleasure principle
○Pleasure principle: if no constraint exists, it seeks immediate
gratification
●Ego: contains our partly conscious perceptions thoughts and actions
○ Interacts with id and superego
○ Operates by reality principle
■ Seeks to gratify its impulses in a realistic manner that will
bring long term pleasure
●Superego: voice of the morals and values. Forces the ego to consider
the real and the ideal. Develops over time
2. Levels of consciousness
● ***iceberg model*** (levels of consciousness and personality structures)
3. Psychosexual stages
●Oral: pleasure centers on the mouth (sucking, biting, chewing)
●Anal: pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination (coping with
demands for approval)
●Phallic: pleasure zone is the genitals (coping with incestrous sexual
feelings)
○Oedipus complex: boys develop sexual desires for their mother
and a jealousy/ hatred for their fathers
○Electra Complex: female equivalent of Oedipus but NOT
proposed by Freud
●Latency: repressed sexual feelings. Freud thought that children
repressed feelings for their parents and identified with same-sex parent
●Genital: maturation of sexual interests
4. Fixation
● Freud referred to fixation as being locked into a stage as a result of
strong conflict during that stage
○ Oral, anal, phallic
■ Anal expulsive: messy/ disorganized
■ Anal retentive: highly controlled and compulsively neat
5. Personality dynamics
●
6. Defense mechanisms
● According to Freud, unconscious conflicts between the id, ego, and
superego creates anxiety
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● This discomfort mat lead to the use of defense mechanisms
● Examples:
○Repression: block anxiety producing thoughts, memories, etc.
from consciousness
■ Starting point for remainder of defense mechanisms
○Regression: retreating to an earlier, more infantile stage of
development
○Reaction formation: the ego unconsciously makes unacceptable
impulses looks like their opposites
■ Ex: mom hates kids, becomes overprotective
○Projection: disguises threatening impulses by attributing them to
others
■ Ex: “he hates me” when really “i hate hi”
○Rationalization: generating self-justifying explanations so we can
hide from ourselves the real reasons for our actions
■ Ex: “its ok to cheat on my spouse because we never have
sex anymore”
○Displacement: diverts one’s sexual or aggressive energy toward
an object more psychologically acceptable than the one that
aroused them
■ Ex: had a hard day of work, kick your dog afterwards
instead of punching boss
○Sublimation: the transformation of unacceptable impulses into
socially valued motivations
■ Ex: expression of hostile images in paintings due to
childhood trauma
○Intellectualization: studying for a problem intensely to obfuscate
underlying feelings
■ Ex: family member has a stroke, then you spend hours
studying reasons why people have strokes
○Denial: refusal to recognize a threatening impulse or desire
7. Assessment of the unconscious
● Assessment of unconscious
○ Assumes that people will project onto pictures or objects
■Thematic apperception test
■Rorschach inkblot test
B. Carl Jung’s analytical psychology
● Started own approach to analytical psychology
● 2 layers of unconscious
○Personal: comparable to Freud definition of unconscious
■ Material has been repressed or forgotten
○Collective: latent memory traces from ancestral past
■Archetypes: emotionally charged images and thoughts that have
universal meaning
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
To describe, in a general sense, the major theories of personality and how each of them view personality assessment. Provide an introduction to major issues of personality to set the stage for understanding personality disorders in subsequent chapters. Brief lecture outline: general overview of personality. Personality: refers to an individual"s characteristic pattern of thinking, acting, feeling, and behaving. Persistence: how specific aspects of our personality change over time. Personality trait: a durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations. Prediction of how people will act under varying circumstances. Includes all of the diverse theories descended from the work of sigmund freud, which focus on unconscious mental forces. Explains how personality is shaped through learning, focusing on quantifiable behaviors rather than observable processes. Applies principles of learning, thinking and social conflict to personality. Emphasizes the unique qualities of humans especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth and self fulfillment.
