PSYC 2230 Chapter Notes - Chapter 3: Likelihood Principle, Nociceptor, Retina
19 Dec 2017
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Chapter 3- Perception
The Nature of Perception
-Perception- experiences resulting from stimulation of the senses
-perceptions can change based on added information and involves processes similar to
problem solving and reasoning
-to determine what we are perceiving, it is necessary to go beyond the scene that light creates
on the retina
Why is it so difficult to design a perceiving machine?
-inverse projection problem- the task of determining the object responsible for a particular
image on the retina
-when we conside that a particular image on the retina can be created by many different
objects, we can see why the image on the retina is said to be ambiguous
-people understand that the part of an object that is covered by another object continues to
exist, and are able to use their knowledge of their environment to determine what the object is
-people are also able to identify objects that are not in sharp focus
-viewpoint invariance- tha ability to recognize an object seen from different viewpoints
Information for Human Perception
-bottom-up processing- environmental energy stimulates the receptors which send signals to
the brain
-top-down processing- originates in the brain where knowledge of the environment,
expectations, and attention to specific stimuli is the basis of the perceptual system
•this is why identical pictures can be perceived as different objects based on their orientation
and the context within which they are seen
-meaning influences perception because once you perceive a particular grouping, it is difficult
to perceive those object in another way
-individuals can receive identical sound stimulus but experience different perceptions based on
their experience with that language
•the continuous sound triggers signals that are sent to speech areas of the brain (bottom-
uo), and if the listener understands the language, that knowledge creates the perception of
individual words (top-down)
-direct pathway- nociceptors are stimulated and send their signals in a direct pathway from
the skin to the brain (PAIN)
-However, pain can be influenced by what a person expects, their attention, and distacting
stimuli
Conceptions of object Perception
Hemholtz Theory of Unconscious Inference
-likelihood principle- we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of
stimuli we have received using unconscious inference (unconscious assumptions or
inferences that we make about the environment)
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Perception- experiences resulting from stimulation of the senses. Perceptions can change based on added information and involves processes similar to problem solving and reasoning. To determine what we are perceiving, it is necessary to go beyond the scene that light creates on the retina. Inverse projection problem- the task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on the retina. When we conside that a particular image on the retina can be created by many different objects, we can see why the image on the retina is said to be ambiguous. People understand that the part of an object that is covered by another object continues to exist, and are able to use their knowledge of their environment to determine what the object is. People are also able to identify objects that are not in sharp focus. Viewpoint invariance- tha ability to recognize an object seen from different viewpoints.
