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MODR 1760 Chapter Notes - Chapter 7: Circular Reasoning, Stamen, Decapod Anatomy

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School
York University
Department
Modes Of Reasoning
Course
MODR 1760
Professor
Cael D.Zorn

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Document Summary

There is something fundamentally flawed about that pattern of reasoning. is about assessing the claims and arguments for a position, not assessing the character or: this can occur from a significant error in reasoning, from an error in the use of language, or from a failure to meet the constitutive rules of an argument in a basic way, to say a pattern of reasoning is being used is to say that there is a structure to the reasoning, to say it is fundamentally flawed is to claim that there is something about the pattern of reasoning that should not be accepted, argumentation associations of person making the claims, fallacies are patterns of reasoning that undermine the basic aim of argumentation, which is the pursuit of truth about issues; they prevent us from discovering possible points of agreement and disagreement, affirming the consequent, denying the antecedent, lookalikes occurs because some of the criteria for fallacies are similar and require further differentiation.

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Related Questions

A statement that is necessarily false, or a group of statements that, taken together, are inconsistent. A) Division B) Suppression C) Questionable Cause D) Contradiction 2. An attack on one’s opponent rather than one’s opponent’s argument. A) Faulty Comparison B) Categorical Proposition C) False Dilemma D) Ad Hominem Argument 3. Consciously believing at a deeper level what we know to be dubious. A) Mood B) Conclusion C) Self-Deception D) Irrelevant Reason 4. A limited perspective shaped by the ideas, interests, and kinds of behavior favored by the groups with which we identify. A) Provincialism B) Delusional C) Composition D) Tokenism 5. Drawing conclusions about a population on the basis of a sample that is too small to be a reliable measure of that population. A) Minor Term B) Small Sample C) Suppressed Evidence D) Rationalization 6. Is the following argument valid or invalid? If valid, explain whether it is deductive or inductive. If invalid, explain why: “Mr. Michaels believes that he is the only person on the ballot capable of running our town. He says so time and again in his campaign speeches and ads. What he fails to mention is that he is an alcoholic womanizer with no scruples. Who in their right mind could vote for that?” HTML Editor 7. The fallacy in which it is assumed parts of an item have a particular property because the item as a whole has that property. A) Premise B) Indirect Proof C) Division D) Unrepresentative Sample 8. The fallacious drawing of a conclusion from relevant but insufficient evidence. A) Appeal to Authority B) Hasty Conclusion C) Loyalty D) Middle Term 9. Valid reasoning from justified (warranted) premises that include all likely relevant information. A) Guilt by Association B) Indirect Proof C) Cogent Reasoning D) Contradiction 10. A comparison of one thing to another based on a perceived similarity. A) Indirect Proof B) Analogy C) Two Wrongs Make a Right D) Questionable Cause 11. Is the following argument valid or invalid? If valid, explain whether it is deductive or inductive. If invalid, explain why: “Mrs. Kelvin has accused me of intentionally denting her rear fender. I neither confirm nor deny this, however in telling her story she leaves out an important point. As we were both leaving our driveways that morning, I backed onto the street first. She saw this and then deliberately pulled in front of my vehicle as I was preparing to continue down the street. Mrs. Kelvin intended to cut me off, so what happened to her car was entirely her fault.” HTML Editor 12. Is the following argument valid or invalid? If valid, explain whether it is deductive or inductive. If invalid, explain why: “After careful consideration, it is the determination of the board that free soda will no longer be provided in the break room. Before making this decision, a survey was distributed amongst all members of the upper management to determine their opinion on the matter. Based on the majority of responses, it was evident that withdrawing the free soda will not have any significant negative effect on morale.” HTML Editor 13. Use of a term in a passage to mean one thing in one place and something else in another. A) Cogent Reasoning B) Superstition C) Equivocation D) Inconsistent

Exercise for writers (F):

Address each of the four following critical thinking areas to the statements listed below (B-F)

(I have already completed (A) so you can use it as a reference)

1. Find the conclusion- try to summarize it short enough so a person driving 65mph could read it on a billboard.

2. Establish the premise-

3. Distinguish between fact, opinion, & reasoned (using both fact & opinion) arguments by evaluating its validity

Validity/Truth of a statement can be made by:

Personal experience, reference of an established authority on subject, internal consistency, plus consistence on facts we already know as true.

4. Distinguish faulty reasoning- which is in every one of the statements!

Please answer #1-4 (listed above) for the each of the following quotes:

F. “But people talk about cap and tax and they aren’t sure exactly what we’re talking about. Let’s get back to step one. What is the problem? Why do we have to have this tax in the first place? It’s about carbon dioxide. Well, what is carbon dioxide? Let’s just go to a fundamental question. Carbon dioxide, Mister Speaker, is a natural byproduct of nature. Carbon dioxide is natural. It occurs in Earth. It is a part of the regular lifecycle of Earth. In fact, life on planet Earth can’t even exist without carbon dioxide. So necessary is it to human life, to animal life, to plant life, to the oceans, to the vegetation that’s on the Earth, to the, to the fowl that — that flies in the air, we need to have carbon dioxide as part of the fundamental lifecycle of Earth. As a matter of fact, carbon dioxide is portrayed as harmful! But there isn’t even one study that can be produced that shows carbon dioxide is a harmful gas. There isn’t one such study because carbon dioxide is not a harmful gas, it is a harmless gas. Carbon dioxide is natural. It is not harmful. It is part of Earth’s life cycle. And yet we’re being told that we have to reduce this natural substance and reduce the American standard of living to create an arbitrary reduction in something that is naturally occurring in the earth. Well we’re told the crux of this problem is human activity. It’s humans that are creating more carbon dioxide! Is that true, or is that false? Well, carbon dioxide is a natural part of Earth’s atmosphere. The carbon dioxide is perhaps three percent of the total atmosphere that’s in the Earth. So if you take a pie chart, and you have all of Earth’s atmosphere, carbon dioxide is perhaps three percent of that total. What part of human activity creates carbon dioxide? If carbon dioxide is a negligible gas and it’s only three percent of Earth’s atmosphere, what part is human activity? Human activity contributes perhaps three

percent of the three percent. In other words, human activity is maybe 3 percent

contributing to the 3 percent of carbon dioxide that’s in Earth’s atmosphere. It’s so

negligible — it’s a fraction of a fraction of a fraction of a percent — that it can hardly

be — be quantified.” (Spoken on the House floor on Earth Day, April 22, 2009, by Rep. Michele Bachmann)

Comments on this, i need a paragrapgh on comments abaout this...

Abortion keeps being a controversy because both sides of the spectrum have valid points. The side that is prolife it right about abortion being the termination of an organism. Their believe system states that murdering human being is wrong and since an unborn child is still a human child, then by default this should be condemned as a wrong thing. They also say they are helping the woman themselves because abortion can have “the risk of breast cancer in those who had experienced an induced abortion was 50% higher than among other women” however the same study states “the results across all epidemiologic studies of this premise are inconsistent—both overall and within specific subgroups. The risk of breast cancer should be re-examined”. This means we should not jump in to conclusion because more studies need to be done before accepting something as fact. The side for pro-choice states that a woman should have the choice to make her own decision no matter if it is a good or bad decision. A decision that will change her live completely and most of the time make it harder for a woman to get ahead in life.

I am pro-choice, not because I like terminating live, I am actually pro-live of any type of organisms not just humans, but because woman who phase this problem should have their reason or really are not prepare to have a baby in a modern society, and as Mack T Brown said “The value of a self-represented future resides within the person herself, as a feature of a richly complex mental life". Both sides of the argument go to the extreme to explain their case pro-choice and give the example of a raped woman. Pro-live give the example of that a baby is always a good thing. Both acceptable, however most woman are not in this spectrums, an example that is more relevant is a woman who does not have the emotionally and or financial maturity to make the choice that is to have a child. Physically a girl is ready to have a child when her menstrual cycle begins that is usually around 13. Most people would agree that a girl of that age will not have any type of maturity to take care of even herself less a child. Let’s not go far let’s say a girl of eighteen years old getting out of high school, she may have a rare emotional maturity at that age to have the child but in today’s society impossible without any help from family members to take care of that child. How many hours will she work? How will she take care of the child? How will she go to school to better herself for the future to come? These girls that are asking themselves if they should have an abortion is not because it is something they would like to do, it is a hard decision to postpone taking that live changing decision before they are ready to do it and not be a burden in society.

The current abortion law is strict, so abuse of the law will be very hard to do. In the third trimester a woman would need 2 signatures of two physicians to be able to do an abortion. I personally think that this is great this way we can assure that there is no negligence from any party. The part of the law I do not agree with is that the law says that if during the abortion the baby is born alive they need to offer emergency services. This defeats the purpose of an abortion that as harsh as it sounds it is to terminate the pregnancy cycle before time.