ENV100H1 Chapter Notes -California Condor, Scientific Control, Brown Pelican

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pucecod518

24 May 2012

School

UTSG

Department

School of Environment

Course

ENV100H1

Professor

Stephen Scharper

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ENV100H1 Full Course Notes

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Mono lake is a salt lake in cali, east of sierra nevada; home to birds and shrimp etc. In 1940 l. a divereted all stream water to provide 17% of the water supply for the city, mono lake began to drive out, from 60,000acres in 1940s to 40,000 in 1980s. L. a department of water said everything would b ok bcuz rain wud directly fall on the lake and water flowing underground would provide water for the lake. After research they found that the lake wud become so small that it wud be too salty for the shrimp, fly larvae, algae and bacteria by 2003. In 08 lake still hadn"t been recovered but afterwards gov took the issue seriously and the lake and animals were saved. Tech is the means ppl use to obtain physical needs and benefits; today tech has bcome the application of scientific knowledge to achieve some practical goal.

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Directions: Write out your answers in the word document and then copy and paste everything into the text box. If you do not include the question along with your answer, you will be marked down.

1. What would happen if you put pGLO directly onto an agar plate and you checked on it after letting it incubate?

a. It would glow

b. It would grow

c. Nothing

d. E.Coli would grow

2. Explain in a short sentence or two your reasoning for question 1.

3. What shape is a plasmid?

4. How is a plasmid different from human DNA? Write one difference.

5. Bacteria can share DNA through a unique method called transformation. What are the TWO requirements a bacteria cell must possess in order to share DNA with another bacteria cell?

6. Why during our experiment did we put our e.Coli with pGLO inserted in it onto agar plates with ampicillin (Amp)?

a. So that it would kill the e.Coli and serve as our control

b. To kill all the e.Coli that did not take up the pGLO

c. To create antibiotic resistant bacteria

d. To cause the e.Coli to glow

7. Yeast cells are what type of cell?

a. Bacteria

b. Eukaryotes

c. Prokaryotes

d. Archaea

8. Why would someone study yeast cells instead of human cells?

9. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: If your cells is exposed to UV light and it causes a thymidine dimer, your cell is doomed to die.

10. Are wildtype (control) yeast immune to UV light damage?

11. BTB was a dye we used to directly measure ________

a. PH

b. Oxygen

c. Carbon Dioxide

d. Carbon

12. BTB was a dye we used to INDIRECTLY measure ________

a. PH

b. Oxygen

c. Carbon Dioxide

d. Carbon

13. What is one reason why a plant would want to close its stomata?

14. What is one function that ground tissues provides for a plant?

15. List one difference between monocots and dicots

16. Why is it important for a plant to have stomata? Write one reason why

17. What is the purpose of xylem in a plant cell?

18. Pholem is also important to plant cells, what is itâs purpose?

19. This theory explains why trees can grow to such tall heights and still provide water to their leaves.

a. Translocation

b. Transpiration

c. Cohesion-Tension

d. Vacuum

20. Fill in the blank

Pholem is considered to be a(n) _________ transport system while xylem is considered a(n) _______________transport system.

21. Apical meristems are found in these two places on a plant

a. At the site of new leaf growth and the roots closes to the top of the soil

b. Vascular tissue and ground tissue

c. Ground tissue and dermal tissue

d. The point of new growth on the stem and root

22. Fill in the blank.

Xylem moves substances _____ while phloem moves substances _____ a plant.

23. What are the two types of digestive mechanisms?

24. What is one benefit that mastication has for digestion?

25. What is an example of an organism that digests food intracellularly?

26. What is an example of an organism that digests food extracellularly?

27. Give two examples of where surface area is increased in a small space to aid in absorption within the human body

28. Name one difference between arteries and veins.

29. What is the role of capillaries in the circulatory system?

30. How are the terms âexcretionâ and âdefecationâ different?

31. What is the role of the ADH hormone?

32. What does the term âMedullaâ refer to when talking about mammalian tissue?

a. The outer edges of a tissue

b. The middle of a tissue

c. The top of a tissue

d. The bottom of a tissue

33. Fill in the blank

Mammals have a _______ circulatory system while insects have a _______ circulatory system.

34. What is one benefit a closed circulatory system provides?

35. What is hemolymph?

The following is a scenerio given by my professor. The bolded questions/instructions are what she wanted us to respond to with short answers using the scenerio provided. This is all she provided me with and nothing more except for a larger second portion (which also confused me a great deal).

You are part of research team that travels to a small island, Isla Naturale, to study various organisms on the island. When you get there you and a couple of colleagues decide to survey areas that seem to have very little organisms present like the beach and near the lava rocks. You notice that you can see a few lizards running around, they are nearly identical in every way except for their color. One lizard is light brown with white spots found mostly at the edge of the coast and the other is a gray color with black spots found to nest under lava rocks. You would like to test if they are separate species or if they interact with one another. Using the scientific method (question, research, hypothesis, experiment, analysis, and conclusion), design an experiment you could do to answer your question.

You travel back to Isla Naturale to study microbial organisms in a cave that one of your colleagues discovered a couple of months ago. Colleagues have found an underground spring inside the cave and decide to collect and bring back samples of water, rock, and soil. Once you examine the specimens closely you find the microbes present in the soil near the spring. The whole lab celebrates because it is a newly discovered organism and label it ISNAT01.

You are all excited to have potentially found a new life form. You find out that that ISNAT01 requires a high concentration of the ionic compound sodium chloride (NaCl) to live. Since no other organisms were found in the spring, the water must contain high amounts of sodium chloride. You test the pH of the water, the pH meter reads 10.12.

You are curious to know how this new organism, ISNAT01, thrives in this environment. You then test to see what types of elements and compounds that this microbe could possibly feed off of and what types of molecules it can make to within stand this extreme environment. If ISNAT01 cell membrane is composed of glycerol and fatty acids and high amounts of cysteine, what can you hypothesize about the microbe?

You then isolate an Enzyme ABC for ISNAT01. At the pH of the water in the cave spring, Enzyme ABC is found to be involved with assembling the cell membrane of ISNAT01. Which type of biological macromolecule is most likely involved? Draw a line graph showing how the concentration of Enzyme ABC affects the rate of cell membrane assembly at optimal pH. On the same graph, draw a second graph showing how the concentration of Enzyme ABC affects the rate of cell assembly if the pH of the water in the cave spring were to change from 10.12 to 5.5.

periwinklecrocodile4

can you please give me a response for this Article(type the anwer)

When a soil dries out, this has a negative impact on the activity of soil bacteria. Using an innovative combination of state-of-the-art analysis and imaging techniques, researchers at UFZ have now discovered that fungi increase the activity of bacteria in dry and nutrient-poor habitats by supplying them with water and nutrients. The ability of fungi to regulate drought stress in soil and thus sustain ecosystem functions is an important insight in the context of climate change.

Many fungi spread through the soil with a fine network of thin filaments known as hyphae. In their search for water and nutrients the hyphae grow in different directions, constantly enlarging the network. Once found, water and nutrients are absorbed and transported through the hyphae, allowing them to be supplied to parts of the fungal network in dry or nutrient-poor areas of the soil. But it isn't only the fungus itself which benefits from the transport of material through the hyphal pipelines: bacteria, too, are kept supplied with the water and nutrients they need to thrive. This has now been demonstrated by a team of UFZ researchers in a study recently published in the journal Nature Communications. "We've suspected for a long time that fungi play an important role in the soil moisture budget," says UFZ environmental biotechnologist Prof. Matthias KÃ¤stner. "Now, using secondary ion mass spectrometry techniques (NanoSIMS and ToF-SIMS) from the ProVIS research platform at UFZ, we've finally obtained experimental evidence."

As part of their investigations, the researchers closely examined the transport of water, substrates and nutrients through the microscopically small hyphae of fungi. They grew the fungi on a culture medium of water, glucose and nitrogen-containing nutrients. The fungal hyphae had to pass through a dry, nutrient-free zone in order to grow through into a new area containing the culture medium. The inhospitable transition zone contained spores of the common soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Spores are inactive stages of Bacillus that form when there is insufficient water, food and nutrients available for bacterial growth. The bacteria go into a kind of dormant stage, from which they only awake once the environmental conditions are more favourable for living again.

In the experiment, these conditions were indeed improved by the growth of the fungi: "As the fungal hyphae grew through the dry zone, the bacterial spores germinated and we noticed clear microbial activity," says UFZ environmental microbiologist Dr. Lukas Y. Wick. "The fungi obviously improved the environmental conditions for the bacteria and woke them from their slumber, like Sleeping Beauty." But what exactly happens at a chemical level when fungal hyphae grow in direct proximity to bacterial spores? To answer this question, the researchers 'labelled' the water, glucose and nitrogen-containing nutrients in the culture medium in advance with stable isotopes. If these substances were transferred from the fungus to the bacteria, they could be detected using the isotopic marker and the NanoSIMS method, with nano-scale spatial resolution. "The NanoSIMS method reveals the distribution of elements and isotops and therefore allows us to observe metabolic processes," KÃ¤stner explains. "As it turns out, we did find the stable isotopes of the labelled water, glucose and nitrogen-containing nutrients in the cell mass of the bacteria -- which could only have come from the fungi."

This study has given the UFZ researchers another important insight into fungi and their important function in soils. Fungi serve as pumping stations and pipelines for water, substrates and nutrients and can colonise inhospitable locations, making them habitable for bacteria -- and thus stimulate microbial activity in the soil. In previous work the researchers have already shown that fungal hyphae act as a kind of fungal highway for bacteria, allowing them to move around, and provide a hotspot for bacterial gene transfer. Wick continues: "The results of this latest study demonstrate once again that, through their interaction with bacteria, fungi play a significant, previously underestimated role in the soil ecosystem."

If a soil is contaminated with pollutants, for example, bacteria can break them down. But if the soil is too dry, the degradation processes will come to a standstill. "If the drought period lasts for a limited time, fungi have a stabilising effect and can keep soil processes going. This could be important specifically with regard to the impacts of climate change, if the ratio of dry to moist areas of soil dramatically increases," says KÃ¤stner. In future investigations, the researchers therefore intend to look even more closely at soil as a true ecosystem. "We want to carry out soil experiments under different environmental conditions and find out what influence fungal growth has on the breakdown of pollutants," says Wick. He adds: "It's important to have a better understanding of the role of fungi in the soil ecosystem. Only when we know how soil works can we respond to changes, for example those caused by climate change, with informed decisions."

ENV100H1 Chapter Notes -California Condor, Scientific Control, Brown Pelican

ENV100H1 Full Course Notes

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