ECO 1104 Chapter Notes - Chapter 4: Demand Curve, Takers, Heat Wave
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ECO1104: Chapter 4 - The Market Forces of Supply and Demand
Markets and Competition
What is a Market?
● Buyers determine demand and sellers determine supply, as a group
● Markets take many forms, such as highly organized (Markets for agricultural commodities) or
less organized (Ex. Market for ice cream in a given town)
What is Competition?
● Price is determined by all buyers and sellers that interact in a marketplace (Ex. Ice cream market)
● Sellers have limited control over prices in markets due to the nature of competitive markets
● Perfectly Competitive Market:
1. Goods offered for sale are exactly the same
2. Buyers and sellers are so numerous that a single buyer/seller barely influences the market price
■ Price Takers → those who accept the price determined by the market
■ Ex) Wheat Market
● Opposite of a Perfectly Competitive Market results in Monopoly
○ Ex) When there is one seller in a market (TV services)
● Markets often fall between extremes of Perfect Competition and Monopoly
Demand
The Demand Curve: The Relationship between Price and Quantity Demanded
● Quantity Demanded → Mainly determined by the price of a good
● Quantity Demanded is Negatively Related to the price → Law of Demand
● Page 70 Figure 4.1
● Demand schedule is a chart that shows the relation between the price and consumer demand
Market Demand vs Individual Demand
● Market Demand → Sum of all individual consumer demands for a good or service
● Page 71 Figure 4.2
Shifts in the Demand Curve
● Demand curve assumes that factors that can influence a consumer’s decision is held constant
○ Ex) Discovery that proves that apples can stop cancer will substantially increase
demand
● Page 72 Figure 4.3
○ Causes of Increase in Demand (Shift Right):
■ Positive Discoveries
■ Increase in Income/Promotion
■ Decrease in the price of a good
■ Increase in preference for a good
■ Better future expectations
■ Increase in buyers
○ Causes of Decrease in Demand (Shift Left):
■ Negative Discoveries
■ Decrease in Income/Unemployment
■ Increase in a price of a good
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Document Summary
Buyers determine demand and sellers determine supply, as a group. Markets take many forms, such as highly organized (markets for agricultural commodities) or less organized (ex. Market for ice cream in a given town) Price is determined by all buyers and sellers that interact in a marketplace (ex. Sellers have limited control over prices in markets due to the nature of competitive markets. Perfectly competitive market: goods offered for sale are exactly the same, buyers and sellers are so numerous that a single buyer/seller barely influences the market price. Price takers those who accept the price determined by the market. Opposite of a perfectly competitive market results in monopoly. Ex) when there is one seller in a market (tv services) Markets often fall between extremes of perfect competition and monopoly. The demand curve: the relationship between price and quantity demanded. Quantity demanded mainly determined by the price of a good.