CHEM266 Chapter Notes - Chapter 7: Electrophile, Substitution Reaction, Nucleophile
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26 Oct 2016
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Substitution reaction: atom or group of atoms is replaced by another atom or group of atoms. Nucleophile: lewis bases, electron-rich, can be negatively charged or neutral and must have a lone pair of electrons to donate to the electrophile. Electrophile: lewis acids, electron-deficient, can be positively charged or neutral, and accept electrons from the nucleophile (to accept electrons, must have an empty antibonding orbital) Leaving group: must leave as a relatively stable, weakly basic molecule or ion. Biomolecular: rate of reaction dependent on concentration of nucleophile and electrophile, reaction rate is second-order. Rate of reaction = k[nucleophile][electrophile], where k = rate constant. If any concentration doubles, rate of reaction doubles. Activation energy (ea): minimum kinetic energy molecules must have for a reaction to occur. Transition state: hypothetical species existing between reactants and products where bonds are forming and breaking during this high-energy activated complex phase.
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