ECN 104 Chapter Notes - Chapter 9: Economic Equilibrium, Demand Curve, Perfect Competition

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coffeehorse876

9 Apr 2016

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9. 1: the long run versus the short run in perfect competition. Long run: firms in the long run are able to expand and contract, often harder for them to completely go out of business. The number of firms and products can reduce or increase. They are also able to liquidate their assets given the time they have should their business shut down. Short run: firms in the short run are harder to expand. They can go out of business fairly quickly and often do not have enough time to liquidate their assets to get the most out of their failed business. The length of time constituting in the long run is not determined by days, months or years. Rather, it is determined by a firm"s profits and losses. 3 assumptions, none of which will affect our conclusions, will keep things simple: 1.

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Question:

Is it true that in a short-run production process, the marginal cost curve eventually slopes upward because firms have to pay workers a higher wage rate as they produce more output? Explain your answer.

Answer:

According to the definition of the short-run in Investopedia, the short-run, in economics, expresses the concept that an economy behaves differently depending on the length of time it has to react to certain stimuli. The short-run does not refer to a specific duration of time but rather is unique to the firm, industry, or economic variable being studied. A key principle guiding the concept of short-run and long-run is that in the short-run, firms face both variable and fixed costs, which means that output, wages and prices do not have full freedom to reach a new equilibrium. Most businesses make decisions not only about how many workers to employ at any given point in time (i.e. the amount of labor) but also about what scale of an operation (i.e. size of factory, office, etc.) to put together and what production processes to use. In contrast, economists often define the short-run as the time horizon over which the scale of operation is fixed and the only available business decision is the number of workers to employ. Technically, the short-run could also represent a situation where the amount of labor is fixed and the amount of capital is variable, but this is fairly uncommon. The logic is that even taking various labor laws as given, it's usually easier to hire and fire workers than it is to significantly change a major production process or move to a new size of factory or office. In the short-run, one factor of production is fixed, e.g. capital. This means that if a firm wants to increase output, it could employ more workers, but not increase capital in the short-run (it takes time to expand.) Therefore in the short-run, we can get diminishing marginal returns, and marginal costs may start to increase quickly. Also, in the short-run, we can see prices and wages out of equilibrium, e.g. sudden rise in demand, may lead to higher prices, but firms don't have the capacity to respond and increase supply.

Tejvan Pettinger. (2015). Short-run, long-run, very long-run. Glossary Terms. Economics help blog. NY: Helping to Simplify Economic.
Retrieved from: http://www.economicshelp.org/blog/glossary/short-run-long-run-very-long-run/
Short-Run. Short-Run Definition | Investopedia
Retrieved from http://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/shortrun.asp#ixzz4KO1YXsri

I need a peer reply for this, please.

taupeswan96

1. Productivity is defined as the quantity of

a. labor required to produce a nation's GDP.

b. goods and services produced per unit of time.

c. labor required to produce one unit of goods and services.

d. goods and services produced from each unit of labor input.

2. When market conditions in a competitive industry are such that firms cannot cover their total production costs, then

a. the firms will suffer short-run economic losses that will be exactly offset by long-run economic profits.

b. all firms will go out of business since consumers will not pay prices that enable firms to cover their total production costs.

c. some firms will exit the market, causing prices to rise until the remaining firms can cover their total production costs.

d. the firms will suffer long-run economic losses.

pinkhedgehog911

11.) Which statement is false?
A. The minimum point of the AVC curve is the shutdown point.
B. The minimum point of the ATC curve is the breakeven point.
C. The firm's short-run supply curve runs up the marginal cost curve from the shutdown point all the way up the curve.
D. None of these statements are false.
12.) Which statement is false?
A. The firm's short-run supply curve runs along the MC curve from the shutdown point to the break-even point.
B. The MC curve intersects the ATC curve at the latter's minimum point.
C. Total revenue = price x output sold.
D. None of these statements are false.

26.) If the price were $25, this firm would _______ in the short run and _______ in the long run.
A. shut down; stay in business
B. shut down; go out of business
C. operate; stay in business
D. operate; go out of business

22.) If price is above the break-even point, in the short run the firm will _____ and in the long run the firm will _____.
A. shut down; stay in business
B. shut down; go out of business
C. operate; go out of business
D. operate; stay in business

8.) Which statement is true?
A. Because they are the only seller in the industry, the monopolist does not have to lower their price to sell more output.
B. Most firms in the United States are monopolies.
C. Unlike the perfect competitor, the monopolist does not necessarily produce at that output where MC = MR.
D. None of these statements are true.

15.) In the United States, natural monopolies
A. are easily converted to competitive industries.
B. are common in retailing.
C. are commonly regulated by governments.
D. are rarely regulated by governments.

21.) If a monopoly firm can sell its eighth unit of output for a price of $175, it may expect to receive a price __________ in order to sell more than eight units.
A. of more than $175
B. of $175
C. of less than $175
D. of $100

27.) Which statement is true?
A. Since the monopolist is the only firm in the industry, its profit is calculated differently from the way a perfect competitor would calculate profit.
B. The monopolist's demand curve and marginal revenue curve are the same line.
C. In the long run under monopoly, the most efficient output is the most profitable output.
D. A monopolist may lose money in the short-run

ECN 104 Chapter Notes - Chapter 9: Economic Equilibrium, Demand Curve, Perfect Competition

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