ECN 104 Chapter Notes - Chapter 19: Market Power, Normal Good, Marginal Product

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1 Dec 2016

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A factor of production is any resource that is used by a firm to produce any goods or services. They are bought and sold in factor markets and the prices are known as factor prices. These factors are divided into 4 categories: Labour- the work done by human beings. Physical capital- consists of resources such as tools, equipment, and machines. Human capital- the improvement in labour created by education and knowledge that is embodied in the workforce. Factors can be used over and over again to generate revenue, whereas inputs can only be used once. A machine can be used over and over again to help generate revenue (so it is a factor) A piece of cloth and only be used once to help generate revenue (so it is considered an input) Factor prices play a key role in the distribution of resources among producers because: This is derived from the firm"s output choice.

Related Questions

MC Qu. 020 In a market economy:

In a market economy:

the government owns the means of production so that it can produce what is in society's best interest.

businesses design their plans to maximize their profit and the market is relied upon to see that individual self-interest is consistent with society's interest.

workers are directed by government planning boards to produce what is in society's best interest.

government sets prices to make necessities affordable because it is in society's best interest to make necessities affordable.

MC Qu. 022 Suppose that at the current price consumers would ...

Suppose that at the current price consumers would like to purchase 10 million large-screen televisions and 15 million are available. When the market coordinates the demand and supply for large-screen televisions, the price of large-screen televisions will:

rise.

fall.

stay the same.

be fixed by the government.

MC Qu. 036 Most economies today are:

Most economies today are:

pure market economies.

differentiated primarily by the degree to which they depend on markets.

differentiated primarily by who owns the means of production.

socialist.

MC Qu. 047 Households are on the:

Households are on the:

the supply side of factor markets and the demand side of goods markets.

the demand side of factor markets and the supply side of goods markets.

the supply side of both factor markets and goods markets.

the demand side of both factor markets and goods markets.

MC Qu. 050 Governments do all of the following except:

Governments do all of the following except:

oversee the interaction of households and businesses in the goods and factor markets.

demand labor services from households in the factor market.

demand for goods and services from businesses in the goods market.

supply labor services to businesses in the factor market.

MC Qu. 054 Businesses fail because:

Businesses fail because:

they follow the principle of consumer sovereignty too closely.

the invisible hand determines that they are not producing something socially valuable.

they earn excessive profits.

entrepreneurship is present.

MC Qu. 066 A business is most likely to be characterized as a...

A business is most likely to be characterized as a corporation if:

it has two or more owners, with each owner liable for every other owner's actions.

it has only one owner.

it is legally treated as a person and owned by stockholders who are liable for the actions of the corporate "person" regardless of their investment

each owner is liable only to the extent of his or her own investment.

MC Qu. 074 Which of the following statements is correct?

Which of the following statements is correct?

Stockholders are legally liable for all the debt of a corporation.

A corporation is a business that is legally owned by its employees.

Corporations are legal entities that, in law, are treated as persons.

Most large companies and many small companies in the United States are not corporations.

MC Qu. 095 Government regulation of working conditions is an ...

Government regulation of working conditions is an example of:

government as a referee.

government as owner.

government as an actor.

government as a dictator.

10. MC Qu. 104 Which of the following would most likely generate ...

Which of the following would most likely generate a negative externality?

education

a lighthouse

cigarette smoke

employment

magentasnail731

A competitive firmâs short-run demand for labor will rise when the price of its product rises.

	True
	False

As the wage rate rises, the marginal revenue product of labor increases.

	True
	False

A competitive firmâs demand for labor always slopes down in the short-run, but may slope upwards or downwards in the long run.

	True
	False

When labor an capital are complements in production, a higher wage will cause a firm to use more capital in the long run.

	True
	False

If labor is a regressive factor, then a firmâs long-run demand for labor may or may not be downward sloping.

	True
	False

The short-run demand curve for labor for a firm in any type of market for its output coincides with

	the upward-sloping portion of the marginal revenue product curve.
	the downward-sloping portion of the marginal revenue product curve.

	the downward-sloping portion of the marginal product curve.
	the marginal labor cost curve.

An increase in the price of labor will, in the short run, cause a competitive firmâs

	marginal cost to increase, the quantity it sells to decrease, and therefore reduce the quantity of labor demanded.
	price of its output to increase, leaving the quantity of labor demanded unchanged.

	marginal revenue product of labor to decrease, and therefore reduce demand for labor.
	marginal revenue product of labor to increase, and therefore increase demand for labor.

Which of the following would cause the firmâs short-run demand curve for labor to shift to the right?

	A decrease in the wage rate.
	An increase in the price of the firmâs product.

	An increase in the rental rate paid to capital.
	A decrease in the amount of complementary capital available.

If increased capital usage reduces the firmâs short-run demand for labor, then

	labor is a regressive factor.
	labor and capital are complements in production.

	labor and capital are substitutes in production.
	labor is a Giffen factor.

When is the law of demand violated for labor? That is, with regards to the law of labor demand, when does an increase in the wage not lead to a reduction in the quantity of labor demanded?

	Never.
	When the substitution and scale effects are in opposition, with the scale effect being the larger.

	When labor is a regressive factor.
	When labor earns zero economic rent.

If the wage rate rises, then the firmâs long-run marginal costs change, which in turn affects the firmâs output level and its employment of labor. This phenomenon is known as

	the substitution effect.
	the scale effect.

	the regressive-factor effect.
	the factor-price effect.

When will the scale effect of a wage increase cause a reduction in the quantity of labor demanded?

	Always.
	When labor is not a regressive factor.

	When labor and capital are substitutes in production.
	When labor and capital are complements in production.

Consider the usual case where a higher wage rate increases a firmsâ marginal costs. In this case, the industryâs demand curve for labor

	is more wage inelastic than the individual firmsâ demand curves would indicate.
	coincides with the horizontal sum of individual firmsâ demand curves.

	contains only substitution effects but no scale effects.
	is horizontal at the going wage rate.

To maximize profits, a monopolist will hire the quantity of labor at which marginal revenue product of labor

	is downward sloping and equal to the market wage rate.
	is downward sloping and equal to marginal labor cost.

	minus marginal labor cost is maximized.
	is maximized.

A firmâs revenue minus its factor payments equals

	zero.
	the profits or losses earned by the firm.

	the quasi-rents earned by the factors of production.
	the firmâs total revenue.

As the amount of labor used in production increases, total product

	increases at low levels of labor and decreases at higher levels of labor.
	increases at high levels of labor and decreases at low levels of labor.

	always increases.
	always decreases.

A profit-maximizing price taker will produce at a level where

	the wage equals the marginal product of labor.
	the marginal revenue product of labor equals the price of their output.

	the wage rate equals the price of their output.
	the marginal revenue product of labor equals the wage rate.

If the wage rate is $10 per hour and one worker can produce 2 units of output per hour, then the marginal cost of production is

	$5.
	$10.

	$20.
	The answer cannot be determined from the information given.

A firmâs long-run demand for labor is more wage-elastic than its short-run demand for labor.

	True
	False

A monopsonistâs short-run demand curve for labor coincides with its marginal revenue product of labor curve.

	True
	False

Workers will receive higher wages when an employer faces an upward-sloping supply curve for labor.

	True
	False

The profit an owner receives is equivalent to the rent received for her entrepreneurial services.

	True
	False

When high levels of labor are employed, total production tends to increase at a decreasing rate.

	True
	False

The substitution effect on labor always decreases the quantity of labor demanded when the wage rate increases.

	True
	False

A firmâs marginal revenue product of labor equals the marginal product of labor multiplied by the per-unit cost of labor.

	True
	False

Tastes and preferences are relevant to individual choices for consumption but not relevant to choices for supplying labor.

	True
	False

A higher wage will always cause a worker to increase the quantity of labor supplied.

	True
	False

The substitution and income effects of a wage increase both cause consumption to rise.

	True
	False

A workerâs labor supply may either rise or fall when nonlabor income increases, depending on whether the substitution effect or the income effect dominates.

	True
	False

When an increase in marginal productivity increases workersâ nonlabor income, the effect on the quantity of labor supplied is ambiguous/uncertain.

	True
	False

A technological improvement that is permanent is more likely to raise employment than one that is temporary.

	True
	False

Other factors being constant, firms that provide on-the-job training to workers will tend to pay higher wages.

	True
	False

If there is discrimination, employers engage in it a cost.

	True
	False

Human capital tends to increase over the course of a personâs life.

	True
	False

In the indifference curve budget line model of labor supply,

	labor is measured along the horizontal axis and leisure is measured along the vertical axis.
	labor is measured along the horizontal axis and consumption is measured along the vertical axis.

	consumption is measured along the horizontal axis and labor is measured along the vertical axis.
	consumption is measured along the horizontal axis and leisure is measured along the vertical axis.

In the indifference curve budget line model of labor supply, the slope of the indifference curve is used to measure

	the wage rate.
	laborâs marginal product.

	the workerâs nonlabor income.
	the marginal value of leisure.

If a worker has chosen a quantity of labor where the marginal value of leisure exceeds the wage rate, she would be better off by

	choosing less leisure.
	providing fewer hours of labor.

	providing more hours of labor.
	staying at this combination of labor and consumption.

When there is an increase in the wage rate there will be

	both a substitution effect and an income effect.
	only a substitution effect.

	only a substitution effect.
	either a substitution effect or an income effect.

When the wage rate rises, the substitution effect leads a worker to

	increase consumption while the income effect leads to a decrease in consumption.
	decrease consumption while the income effect leads to an increase in consumption.

	increase consumption, as does the income effect.
	substitution sleep for other leisure.

Consider the indifference curve budget line model of labor supply, and assume consumption and leisure are both normal goods. A higher wage rate would result in

	more consumption and less leisure.
	a reduction in the workerâs marginal value of leisure.

	reduced consumption if the income effect is larger than the substitution effect.
	increased labor only if the substitution effect outweighs the income effect.

When the wage rate rises, a worker chooses to replace some leisure hours with work hours, even if he would remain equally well off. This phenomenon is known as

	compensating differential.
	the income effect.

	the substitution effect.
	intertemporal substitution.

Which of the following will shift a workerâs labor supply curve to the left?

	Higher nonlabor income.
	A lower wage rate, assuming the substitution effect dominates the income effect.

	New machinery that substitutes for labor and lowers its marginal product.
	A decrease in the marginal value of leisure.

Which of the following would cause a rightward shift in the labor demand curve?

	Manna from heaven.
	A rise in the wage rate.

	A rise in workersâ marginal productivity.
	A decline in workersâ nonlabor incomes.

When some jobs are inherently more risky or unpleasant than other jobs, different workers will be paid different wages because of

	differences in human capital.
	differing access to capital.

	compensating differentials
	discrimination.

Discrimination is difficult to measure empirically because

	it is hard to measure and control for differences in marginal productivity.
	data on racial and gender differences is rarely available.

	discrimination is practiced by very few employers.
	economists find no significant wage differentials due to gender or race.

Intertemporal substitution dictates that

	people will work less in periods of high productivity.
	people will spend more in periods of high productivity.

	people will work more in periods of high productivity.
	people will spend less in periods of high productivity.

A decrease in the wage rate causes the budget line to

	become flatter.
	become steeper.

	shift upward.
	shift downward.

An increase in the marginal productivity of labor will tend to

	shift the labor supply curve rightward if the change is temporary.
	result in an increase in employment if the change is temporary.

	result in an increase in employment if the change is permanent.
	all of the above.

A downward shift in a workerâs budget line is a result of

	an increase in the wage rate.
	a decrease in the wage rate.

	an increase in nonlabor income.
	a decrease in nonlabor income

One deficiency of the labor-leisure indifference curve analysis is that because indifference curves are always tangent to the workerâs budget line, the model cannot explain why some people choose not to work.

	True
	False

pinkcheetah77

1. Which of the following groups of countries are all advanced economies?

		Hong Kong, Japan, France, and the United Kingdom
		Italy, the United States, China, and Russia
		Singapore, Russia, France, and Chad
		Australia, Brazil, and the United States

QUESTION 2

1. The most people live in ________ economies and the fewest people live in ________ economies.

		developing; emerging market
		advanced; emerging market
		emerging market; developing
		advanced; developing

QUESTION 3

1. Households and firms in the U.S. economy interact with those in the rest of the world in the ________ market and the ________ market.

		goods; financial
		government; goods
		goods; factor
		financial; factor

QUESTION 4

1. As a factor of production, oil reserves are counted as

		labor.
		capital.
		entrepreneurship.
		land.

QUESTION 5

1. ________ the owners of the factors of production, while ________ what amounts of those factors to hire.

		Households are; the government determines
		Firms are; households that determine
		The government is; firms determine
		Households are; firms that determine

QUESTION 6

1. The emerging market economies are

		the nations that are currently agricultural in nature.
		most of the nations of Western Europe.
		the largest grouping including the nations of China and India.
		in the transition from state-owned production to free markets.

QUESTION 7

1. In the United States, the productive factor that, as a group, receives the largest fraction of the nation's total income was

		consumption of goods and services.
		entrepreneurship.
		capital.
		labor.

QUESTION 8

1. Items bought by individuals to provide personal enjoyment are termed

		personal goods.
		consumption of goods.
		consumption or investment goods.
		standard goods.

QUESTION 9

1. In the advanced economies, ________ of the factories use advanced capital equipment and in the developing economies ________ of the factories use advanced capital equipment

		virtually all; none
		some; some
		virtually all; virtually all
		virtually all; some

QUESTION 10

1. The productive resource that includes all the "gifts of nature" is called

		land.
		labor.
		entrepreneurship.
		capital.

QUESTION 11

1. What would be an example of government good?

		Donald Trump purchases furniture for his office.
		Antonio, the manager of the local Taco Hut, purchases a new deep fryer.
		The local driver's license office purchases a new digital camera and printer.
		Jake buys an iPhone.

QUESTION 12

1. The world population is approximately ________ people.

		2 trillion
		680 million
		6.8 billion
		6.8 million

QUESTION 13

1. Computers and insurance coverage produced in the United States and sold to people in other nations are categorized as

		U.S. exports of goods and services.
		U.S. government goods and services.
		foreign capital goods.
		U.S. consumer goods and services.

QUESTION 14

1. Of the following, the federal government obtains most revenue from

		corporate income taxes.
		excise taxes.
		sales taxes.
		social security taxes.

QUESTION 15

1. Items bought by businesses to help produce other goods and services are called

		capital goods.
		government goods and services.
		consumption of goods and services.
		exports of goods and services.

QUESTION 16

1. The majority of the income earned in the United States is paid in

		profit.
		interest.
		rent.
		wages.

QUESTION 17

1. Dan missed class the day the professor covered the circular flow model. Dan asked his friend Joan to explain markets to him. Joan correctly stated that a market

		must include a written contract between buyers and sellers.
		requires a physical location for buyers and sellers to get together.
		is only a place to purchase groceries.
		is an arrangement that brings buyers and sellers together.

QUESTION 18

1. The United States possesses a large amount of human capital. As a result of this fact, in the United States, there is a

		highly skilled and educated labor force.
		a large number of kind and generous humans.
		a large number of people and a great deal of land.
		a large amount of machinery and equipment.

QUESTION 19

1. Which of the following correctly lists the categories of factors of production?

		labor, machines, buildings, capital, and entrepreneurship
		land, buildings, capital, and entrepreneurship
		land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship
		forests, fish, buildings, capital, and entrepreneurship

QUESTION 20

1. Which of the following correctly lists the categories of factors of production?

		capital, money, and labor
		hardware, software, land, and money
		land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship
		machines, buildings, land, and money

QUESTION 21

1. In the United States, the poorest 20 percent of households receive roughly ________ percent of total income.

		10
		3
		15
		20

QUESTION 22

1. What would be an example of a consumption service?

		Jake buys an iPhone.
		The local driver's license office purchases a new digital camera and printer.
		Antonio, the manager of the local Taco Hut, purchases a new deep fryer.
		Rhianna gets a haircut.

QUESTION 23

1. The total value of capital in the United States is around

		$47 trillion.
		$10 trillion.
		$100 trillion.
		$79 trillion.

QUESTION 24

1. An export good is a good produced

		by foreigners in the United States and purchased by U.S. households.
		in another country and purchased by U.S. residents.
		in the United States and sold to foreigners living in the United States.
		in the United States and sold in other countries.

QUESTION 25

1. ________ paid for the use of land; ________ paid for the services of labor; and ________ paid for the use of capital.

		Interest is; wages are; profit is
		Rent is; wages are; interest is
		Rent is; interest is; wages are
		Mortgages are; interest is; wages are

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ECN 104 Chapter Notes - Chapter 19: Market Power, Normal Good, Marginal Product

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