CISC 101 Chapter Notes - Chapter 5: Code Reuse, Global Variable, Boolean Function

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Benefits of modularizing a program with functions: simpler code, a program"s code tends to be simpler and easier to understand when it is broken down into functions, code reuse, reduce the duplication of code within a program. Indentation in python: each line in a block must be indented, when you indent the lines in a block, make sure each line begins with he same number of spaces. In an editor, there are two ways to indent a line: by pressing the tab key at the beginning of the line, by using the spacebar to insert spaces at the beginning of the line. In python, you can use the input function to cause a program to pause until the user presses the. Parameter variable scope: a parameter variable"s scope is the function in which the parameter is used, all of the statements inside the function can access the parameter variable, but no statement outside the function can access it.

Related Questions

subtitle: "HO2 Analysis"
header-includes:
- \usepackage{fancyhdr}
- \usepackage[labelformat=empty]{caption}
- \pagestyle{fancy}
- \fancyhead[CO,CE]{\thetitle}
- \fancyfoot[CO,CE]{Copyright 2018 William G. Foote, all rights reserved.}
- \fancyhead[RE,RO]{\thepage}
- \renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0.5pt}
output: pdf_document
---

```{r setup, include=FALSE}
knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = TRUE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE)
knitr::opts_chunk$set(tidy = TRUE)
knitr::opts_chunk$set(tidy.opts=list(width.cutoff=36))
knitr::opts_chunk$set(size = "small")
knitr::opts_hooks$set(fig.width = function(options) {
if (options$fig.width < options$fig.height) {
options$fig.width = options$fig.height
}
options
})
knitr::knit_hooks$set(mysize = function(before, options, envir) {
if (before)
return(options$size)
})
```

## Purpose, Process, Product

With this project we will practice reading, cleaning, and exploring data, building data frames, pivot tables, and plots. We will use functions to perform repeatable tasks. We will fit a distribution to data. We will visualize results with plots using `ggplot2` in this project to explore the data and gain further insight into the results of our analysis. We will summarize our findings in a report documented with an `R markdown` file and pdf output.

## Assignment

1. Use headers (##), r-chunks for code, and text to build a report for the two parts of this project.

2. List in the text the 'R' skills needed to complete this project.

3. Explain some of the functions (e.g., `ggplot()`) used to compute and visualize results.

4. Discuss how well did the results begin to answer the business questions posed at the beginning of each part of the project.

## R Markdown set up

1. Open a new `R Markdown` pdf (or Word) document file and save it with file name **lastname-firstname_Project2** to your working directory. The `Rmd` file extension will automatically be appended to the file name. Deposit the `.csv` file for Project #2 into the data subfolder.

2. Modify the `YAML` header in the `Rmd` file to reflect the name of this project, your name, and date.

3. Replace the `R Markdown` example in the new file with the script below. Modify this script to reflect the parts and questions in the project. Following is the high-level layout.

```{ }
# Part 1: HO2 data preparation and exploration
(INSERT explanatory text here)
(INSERT r chunks here)
## Question 1 - title
(INSERT explanatory text here)
(INSERT r chunks here)
## Question 2 - title
(INSERT explanatory text here)
(INSERT r chunks here)
# Part 2: HO2 analysis
(INSERT explanatory text here)
## Further questions as needed
(INSERT explanatory text here)
(INSERT r chunks here)
# Discussion: HO2 analysis
## Skills used
(INSERT explanatory text here)
## Data Insights
(INSERT explanatory text here)
## Business Summary
(INSERT explanatory text here)
```

4. Click `Knit` in the `R Studio` command bar to produce a `pdf` document - submit along with the .Rmd.

## Part 1

In this set we will build a data set using filters and `if` and `diff` statements. We will then answer some questions using plots and a pivot table report. We will then write a function to house our approach in case we would like to run the same analysis on other data sets.

### Problem

Supply chain managers at our company continue to note we have a significant exposure to heating oil prices (Heating Oil No. 2, or HO2), specifically New York Harbor. The exposure hits the variable cost of producing several products. When HO2 is volatile, so is earnings. Our company has missed earnings forecasts for five straight quarters. To get a handle on Brent we download this data set and review some basic aspects of the prices.

```{r }
# Read in data
HO2 <- read.csv("data/nyhh02.csv", header = T, stringsAsFactors = F)
# stringsAsFactors sets dates as character type
head(HO2)
HO2 <- na.omit(HO2) ## to clean up any missing data
str(HO2) # review the structure of the data so far
```

### Questions

1. What is the nature of HO2 returns? We want to reflect the ups and downs of price movements, something of prime interest to management. First, we calculate percentage changes as log returns. Our interest is in the ups and downs. To look at that we use `if` and `else` statements to define a new column called `direction`. We will build a data frame to house this analysis.

```{r }
# Construct expanded data frame
return <- as.numeric(diff(log(HO2$DHOILNYH))) * 100
size <- as.numeric(abs(return)) # size is indicator of volatility
direction <- ifelse(return > 0, "up", ifelse(return < 0, "down", "same")) # another indicator of volatility
date <- as.Date(HO2$DATE[-1], "%m/%d/%Y") # length of DATE is length of return +1: omit 1st observation
price <- as.numeric(HO2$DHOILNYH[-1]) # length of DHOILNYH is length of return +1: omit first observation
HO2.df <- na.omit(data.frame(date = date, price = price, return = return, size = size, direction = direction)) # clean up data frame by omitting NAs
str(HO2.df)
```

We can plot with the `ggplot2` package. In the `ggplot` statements we use `aes`, "aesthetics", to pick `x` (horizontal) and `y` (vertical) axes. Use `group =1` to ensure that all data is plotted. The added (`+`) `geom_line` is the geometrical method that builds the line plot.

```{r}
require(ggplot2)
ggplot(HO2.df, aes(x = date, y = return, group = 1)) + geom_line(colour = "blue")
```

\pagebreak

Let's try a bar graph of the absolute value of price rates. We use `geom_bar` to build this picture.

```{r}
# require(ggplot2)
ggplot(HO2.df, aes(x = date, y = size, group = 1)) + geom_bar(stat = "identity", colour = "green")
```

\pagebreak

Now let's build an overlay of `return` on `size`.

```{r}
ggplot(HO2.df, aes(date, size)) + geom_bar(stat = "identity", colour = "darkorange") + geom_line(data = HO2.df, aes(date, return), colour = "blue")
```

2. Let's dig deeper and compute mean, standard deviation, etc. Load the `data_moments()` function. Run the function using the `HO2.df$return` subset of the data and write a `knitr::kable()` report.

```{r}
# Load the data_moments() function
## data_moments function
## INPUTS: r vector
## OUTPUTS: list of scalars (mean, sd, median, skewness, kurtosis)
data_moments <- function(data){
require(moments)
mean.r <- mean(data)
sd.r <- sd(data)
median.r <- median(data)
skewness.r <- skewness(data)
kurtosis.r <- kurtosis(data)
result <- data.frame(mean = mean.r, std_dev = sd.r, median = median.r, skewness = skewness.r, kurtosis = kurtosis.r)
return(result)
}
# Run data_moments()
answer <- data_moments(HO2.df$return)
# Build pretty table
answer <- round(answer, 4)
knitr::kable(answer)
```

3. Let's pivot `size` and `return` on `direction`. What is the average and range of returns by direction? How often might we view positive or negative movements in HO2?

```{r}
# Counting
table(HO2.df$return < 0) # one way
table(HO2.df$return > 0)
table(HO2.df$direction) # this counts 0 returns as negative
table(HO2.df$return == 0)
# Pivoting
require(dplyr)
## 1: filter to those houses with fairly high prices
# pivot.table <- filter(HO2.df, size > 0.5*max(size))
## 2: set up data frame for by-group processing
pivot.table <- group_by(HO2.df, direction)
## 3: calculate the summary metrics
options(dplyr.width = Inf) ## to display all columns
HO2.count <- length(HO2.df$return)
pivot.table <- summarise(pivot.table, return.avg = round(mean(return), 4), return.sd = round(sd(return), 4), quantile.5 = round(quantile(return, 0.05), 4), quantile.95 = round(quantile(return, 0.95), 4), percent = round((length(return)/HO2.count)*100, 2))
# Build visual
knitr::kable(pivot.table, digits = 2)
```

```{r, results='asis'}
# Here is how we can produce a LaTeX formatted and rendered table
require(xtable)
options(xtable.comment = FALSE)
HO2.caption <- "Heating Oil No. 2: 1986-2016"
print(xtable(t(pivot.table), digits = 2, caption = HO2.caption, align=rep("r", 4), table.placement="V"))
print(xtable(answer), digits = 2)
```

\pagebreak

## Part 2

We will use the data from Part 1 to investigate the distribution of returns we generated. This will entail fitting the data to some parametric distributions as well as

### Problem

We want to further characterize the distribution of up and down movements visually. Also we would like to repeat the analysis periodically for inclusion in management reports.

### Questions
1. How can we show the differences in the shape of ups and downs in HO2, especially given our tolerance for risk? Let's use the `HO2.df` data frame with `ggplot2` and the cumulative relative frequency function `stat_ecdf`.

```{r}
HO2.tol.pct <- 0.95
HO2.tol <- quantile(HO2.df$return, HO2.tol.pct)
HO2.tol.label <- paste("Tolerable Rate = ", round(HO2.tol, 2))
ggplot(HO2.df, aes(return, fill = direction)) + stat_ecdf(colour = "blue", size = 0.75) + geom_vline(xintercept = HO2.tol, colour = "red", size = 1.5) + annotate("text", x = HO2.tol+15 , y = 0.75, label = HO2.tol.label, colour = "darkred")
```

2. How can we regularly, and reliably, analyze HO2 price movements? For this requirement, let's write a function similar to `data_moments`. Name this new function `HO2_movement()`.

```{r,}
## HO2_movement(file, caption)
## input: HO2 csv file from /data directory
## output: result for input to kable in $table and xtable in $xtable;
## data frame for plotting and further analysis in $df.
## Example: HO2.data <- HO2_movement(file = "data/nyhh02.csv", caption = "HO2 NYH")
HO2_movement <- function(file = "data/nyhh02.csv", caption = "Heating Oil No. 2: 1986-2016"){
# Read file and deposit into variable
HO2 <- read.csv(file, header = T, stringsAsFactors = F)
# stringsAsFactors sets dates as character type
HO2 <- na.omit(HO2) ## to clean up any missing data
# Construct expanded data frame
return <- as.numeric(diff(log(HO2$DHOILNYH))) * 100
size <- as.numeric(abs(return)) # size is indicator of volatility
direction <- ifelse(return > 0, "up", ifelse(return < 0, "down", "same")) # another indicator of volatility
date <- as.Date(HO2$DATE[-1], "%m/%d/%Y") # length of DATE is length of return +1: omit 1st observation
price <- as.numeric(HO2$DHOILNYH[-1]) # length of DHOILNYH is length of return +1: omit first observation
HO2.df <- na.omit(data.frame(date = date, price = price, return = return, size = size, direction = direction)) # clean up data frame by omitting NAs
require(dplyr)
## 1: filter if necessary
# pivot.table <- filter(HO2.df, size > 0.5*max(size))
## 2: set up data frame for by-group processing
pivot.table <- group_by(HO2.df, direction)
## 3: calculate the summary metrics
options(dplyr.width = Inf) ## to display all columns
HO2.count <- length(HO2.df$return)
pivot.table <- summarise(pivot.table, return.avg = mean(return), return.sd = sd(return), quantile.5 = quantile(return, 0.05), quantile.95 = quantile(return, 0.95), percent = (length(return)/HO2.count)*100)
# Construct transpose of pivot table with xtable()
require(xtable)
pivot.xtable <- xtable(t(pivot.table), digits = 2, caption = HO2.caption, align=rep("r", 4), table.placement="V")
HO2.caption <- "Heating Oil No. 2: 1986-2016"
output.list <- list(table = pivot.table, xtable = pivot.xtable, df = HO2.df)
return(output.list)
}
```

Test `HO2_movement()` with data and display results in a table with `2` decimal places.

```{r}
knitr::kable(HO2_movement(file = "data/nyhh02.csv")$table, digits = 2)
```

Morale: more work today (build the function) means less work tomorrow (write yet another report).

3. Suppose we wanted to simulate future movements in HO2 returns. What distribution might we use to run those scenarios? Here, let's use the `MASS` package's `fitdistr()` function to find the optimal fit of the HO2 data to a parametric distribution.

```{r}
require(MASS)
HO2.data <- HO2_movement(file = "data/nyhh02.csv", caption = "HO2 NYH")$df
str(HO2.data)
fit.gamma.up <- fitdistr(HO2.data[HO2.data$direction == "up", "return"], "gamma", hessian = TRUE)
fit.gamma.up
# fit.t.same <- fitdistr(HO2.data[HO2.data$direction == "same", "return"], "gamma", hessian = TRUE) # a problem here is all observations = 0
fit.t.down <- fitdistr(HO2.data[HO2.data$direction == "down", "return"], "t", hessian = TRUE)
fit.t.down
fit.gamma.down <- fitdistr(-HO2.data[HO2.data$direction == "down", "return"], "gamma", hessian = TRUE) # gamma distribution defined for data >= 0
fit.gamma.down
```

# Conclusion

## Skills used
:
(INSERT text here)
:

## Data Insights
:
(INSERT text here)
:

## Business Summary
:
(INSERT text here)
:

Q37 Research indicates more than 90 % of the deaths occur in older adult 65 and older due to lack of appropriate immunizations on which annual vaccination should the nurse first instruct the patient?

A Pneumonia

B Varicella

C TDAP

D influenza

Q38 which strategies of care would be least likely to enhance the physical function of older adult choose? Choose 2 answers

A weight control

B hearing and vision screening

C smoking cessation

D illness management

E forcing them to attend all activities

Q39 what are common risk factors that contribute to functional decline in the older adult population?

A physical inactivity

B tobacco use

C low sodium dietary intake

D having small families

Q40 what principle is least related to promoting health and preventing certain disabilities in older adults?

A continue activities of daily life (ADLs)

B Maintain as active a lifestyle as possible and desired

C Monitor illnesses through annual health screening ( AHS)

D keep up on assistive and information technology and other tools

Q41 Which focusing on the psychosocial needs of older adults, authorVirginia satir recommends that Healthcare providers get back to the basic communication. whatare the five basic principles satir describes?

A invite

B follow through

C respect personal space

D maximize understanding

E Arrange environment

F maximize attention levels

G trust

H maximize communication

Q42 how do electronic health records facilitate better care coordination? Choose 2 answers

A saving time typing rather than writing

B increasing the accuracy of diagnosis and health outcomes

C preventing an increase in the number of medical errors

D improving communication among health providers

Q43 Rick a 91 year old male, hasa history of chronic otitis media and is experiencing mild hearing loss in hisright ear,what type of assistive technology would Rick use to improve communicative function?

A icon communication board

B behind the ear ( BTE) hearing aid

C Augmentive and alternative communication ( AAC)

D completely in the canal ( CIC) hearing aid

Q 44 An elderly patient has suffered a stroke and is currently in the process of transitioning out of the hospital and into an assisted living facility. The patient's primary diffulty after the stroke is dealing with dysarthria, whichhas limited the patient's ability to speak. whatcommunication technology would appropriately promote an optimal transition of care for the patient?

A an over the ear (OTE) hearing aid

B an augmentation and alternative communication ( AAC) device

C an assistive listening device ( ALD)

D an analog technology to amplify sound

Q45 what must the nurse inform the patient and family or caregivers about assistive devices? Choose 2 answers

A may lessen the importance of ongoing communication with healthcare providers.

B they may result in complete recovery from chronic illness

C they may limit complications of an illness or disability.

D they may enable independent performance and reduce risk of injury.

Q46 An 81 year old Patient has multiple chronic conditions including uncontrolled hypertension and peripheral artery disease and agrees to try assertive devices for monitoring blood pressure and improving circulation provided by a home health agency. Choose 2 answers

A allowing the patient enough time and opportunity for repetition

B only presenting the most relevant content to the patient.

C refraining from suggesting mnemonic devices to Aid the patients use of Technology

D having an outside educator provide several hours of detailed device instructions

Q47 A goal of the National Health Initiative healthy people 2010 is to increase the quality and extend the years of healthy life. What are two ways that this initiative can achieve its goal? Choose 2 answers

A by pressuring older adults who are lonely to move to nursing homes at younger ages

B By encouraging people to have more children so that the children can help their parents as they grow older

C by helping people overcome views of denial and foreboding as old age approaches

D by trying to spread the view that aging is natural and need not include illness and disease

Q48 match each government program with its description. Answer options may be used more than once or not at all

A provide health insurance for low-income families

B bases basic benefits on a workers average indexed monthly earnings in covered employment

C offers a payment system for long-term care ( LTC) foreligible older Americans and persons with disabilities

D is the health insurance program for those 65 or other people with disabilities

Q49 a senior is being cared for by her daughter. The daughter works a full-time job and is only able to care for her mother before she goes to work. On her lunch break, andafter she gets off work. thesenior expresses to a nurse that she gets lonely during the day and sometimes cannot perform tasks by herself.which community resource should the nurse recommend looking into?

A a local Health Clinic

B Day Care Services for Seniors

C a medication assistance program

D Meals on Wheels.

Q50 the Independence at home demonstration was created by the Affordable Care Act. Which statement is true regarding Primary Care teams participating in this initiative?

A the teams are led by a licensed administrator

B the teams must serve at least 500 Medicare beneficiaries.

C the teams be led by a physician.

D the teams can be lead by a nurse practitioner.

Q51 which important facts about Medicare should nurses know? Choose 2 answers

A Medicare requires income assessment in order to qualify for coverage

B Medicare cover assisted living services for Americans in extreme poverty.

C Medicare recipients range from those simply needing Wellness services to those who are profoundly Frail.

D Medicare covers certain disabled Americans who have not reached age eligibility.

Q52 what is a common preventable error that can occur during the transition of care for older adults?

A unhelpful Hospital staff B inaccurate medication reconciliation.

C disorganized dosing schedule

D lost nursing equipment.

Q53 how is communication further facilitated? Choose 2 answers

A through communication to between and among the patients family caregivers and health care providers

B through active engagement of patients and family caregivers with a focus on meeting the patients goals

C through reliance on use of text messages that are less disruptive to the patient and family.

D through Healthcare Providers conversing with the patient and allowing the patient speak with the family.

Q54 what are appropriate evaluation measures related to successful transitions of care? Choose 2 answers

A emotional and social domains of quality of life.

B all clinical indicators related to Chronic conditions.

C functional status

D exclusion of nursing sensitive measures.

Q55 a critical competency in geriatric nursing is the ability to assess family knowledge of the skills necessary in the care of older adults. What Broad caregiver competencies are included in this assessment?

A knowing the science behind the scenes of geriatrics

B allowing the active participation of the patient in all aspects of care.

C balancing the patient autonomy with safety

D knowing how to safely start an IV.

Q56 what Communications techniques promote safe transition of care in patients with aphasia?

A respond in the affirmative when a question is asked

B speak softer so as to never have a harsh tone

C give the patient time to speak

D use non-verbal gestures to communicate.

Q57 what roles of the nurse protect the patient from harm in a care transition?

A symptom manager,educator, collaborator, carecoordinator.

B medication manager screener educator listener

C liasson with Hospital decision maker collaborator coordinator

D decision maker Symptom Manager care coordinator.

Q58 which statements are true regarding health-related quality of life? Choose 2 answers

A cannot be measured in persons with chronic illness

B is measured by and object Observer, basedon the number of times an individual emits both verbal signs of happiness and well-being

C is measured by individuals perceived healthy days per month.

D can be measured by an instrument developed by the center of Disease Control (CDC)

Q59 several options are available as a care approaches to chronic illness care. Which method best describes palliative care?

A care that is only delivered by family or other personal caregivers

B end-of-life care that suspends active treatment

C a combination of active treatment and comfort measures

D a continued focus on here rather than comfort and quality of life.

Q60 A nurse caring for people at the end of their lives knows that Dysnea is relatively common and interferes with patients'comfort and rest. What is the evidence based intervention for shortness of breath?

A liquid morphine at starting dose of 10 mg every 4 hours and titrating dose upward until dyspnea is relieved.

B administer O2 at least 5 liters per minute

C 5 mg of liquid morphine every 4 hours,along with lorazepam 0.5-2.0 mg every 4-6 hours PRN for anxiety and restlessness.

D elevate the head of the bed no more than 20 degrees.

Q61 what do dying persons typically experience grief over?

A loss of bodily function and independence that occurs as illness becomes more prevalent

B loss ability to give and receive love

C loss of basic beliefs,values and faith.

D the feeling that nobody cares that the person is dying.

Q62 which of the following is often the biggest barrier to overcome in crucial conversations to death and dying?

A mistrust of healthcare providers

B lack of energy

C societal attitudes about death

D cost of care

Q63 The End of life Nursing Education consortium (ELNEC) is a resource targeted to nurse providing end of life care that supports evidence based care of dying patients and their families,as well as self care that lessens stress and anxiety and sustains nurse in providing excellent end of life care. Which of the following are self care principles? Choose 2 answers

A maintaining professional boundaries and relationships with patients and families, by tightly controlling feelings and empathy

B. Making good use of the expertise and support of the interprofessional care team

C. Diminishing attention on maintaining an active personal life since end-of-life care is a callings of sorts

D. Developing expertise in symptom management, which not only helps patients and their families, but increases satisfaction and lessens anxiety among professional caregivers

Q64. In addition to a living will, advanced directives may also include a durable power of attorney that encompasses health care related decision making. Which two of the following are accurate so statements regarding the legal instrument known as the durable power of attorney?

A. The alternative decision maker must be a close relative of a dying persons in order to understand his or her wishes.

B. It allows for an alternative decision maker in the event that the dying persons is incapacitated and no longer able to make health care decision

C. The living will remains a useful tool in providing direction to the alternate decision maker.

D. A durable power of attorney for health care decision also enables the alternative decision maker to also handle finances and other legal matters.

Lonely Planet In 1972, Tony and Maureen Wheeler were newlyweds who decided to have one last adventurous travel experience before settling down. Their trip was an overland trek from London to Australia through Asia. So many other travelers asked them about their experiences that they sat down at their kitchen table and wrote a book titled Across Asia on the Cheap. They published the book themselves and were surprised by how many copies they sold.

More than three decades and 60 million books later, their publishing enterprise has turned out to be one of the most successful in history. The Wheelers%u2019 publishing company, Lonely Planet, has grown rapidly, with typical annual sales increases of 15 percent or more. In 2007, BBC Worldwide purchased a 75 percent ownership interest in the company and purchased the rest of the company%u2019s stock in 2011.

Lonely Planet TV now produces a variety of travel and documentary programs that appear on cable networks throughout the world. As a BBC subsidiary, the company does not release sales figures, but industry analysts estimate current annual revenues to be about $110 million. Lonely Planet publishes more than 600 titles and holds a 20 percent share of the travel guide market. The company has more than 450 employees in its U.K., U.S., French, and Australian offices performing editorial, production, graphic design, and marketing tasks.

Travel guide content is written by a network of more than 200 contract authors in more than 20 countries. These authors are knowledgeable about everything from visa regulations to hotel prices to the names of the hottest new entertainment spots. The combined expertise of the in-house staff and the in- country authors has kept Lonely Planet ahead of its competitors for many years.

Lonely Planet also offers travel services that include a phone card, hotel and hostel room- booking, airplane tickets, European rail travel reservations and tickets, package tours, and travel insurance. These services are sold by telephone and on the Lonely Planet Web site. The Web site has won numerous awards, including the Society of American Travel Writers Silver Award and a spot on Time magazine%u2019s %u201CFifty Best Web Sites%u201D list.

The site was launched in 1994 and includes an online store in which Lonely Planet publications are sold. However, the site%u2019s main draws are its comprehensive collection of information about travel destinations and its online discussion area, the Thorn Tree, which has nearly a half million registered users. The company has had trouble turning any of this information into a source of revenue generation. Despite its excellent Web site and its use of new technologies, most of Lonely Planet%u2019s revenues are still generated by book sales.

The typical production cycle of a travel guide is about eight months long. This is the time it takes to commission authors, conduct research, work through several drafts of writing and editing, select photos, create the physical book, and print it. This production cycle causes new books to be almost a year out of date by the time they are published. Only the most popular titles are revised annually. Other titles are on two-, three-, or four-year revision cycles. The time delay in publication means that many details in the guides are outdated or wrong; restaurants and hotels close (or move), exchange rates and visa regulations change, and once hot night spots are abandoned by fickle clientele. Lonely Planet publications are well researched and of high quality, but the writers do not work continually because the books are not published continually.

The Web site often has information that is more current than the published travel guides. The site%u2019s online shop does offer some custom guides, which are parts of its existing travel guides packaged in different ways, and it does let customers buy specific chapters from its books, but it still is largely focused on selling books, although the site does offer PDF files that can be downloaded to mobile devices. Lonely Planet has adopted some new technologies, but has not used them to change its revenue model in any major way or to make basic changes in the production of its main product, the travel guides.

Required: 1. Review the company%u2019s offerings for Apple iPhone and iPad products and for Android smart phones (Trippy). Evaluate those products and identify opportunities for other products or services that the company could offer for mobile devices that would take advantage of Internet technologies (including wireless technologies for mobile devices) and address customers%u2019 concerns about the timeliness and currency of information in the printed travel guides.

2. Prepare a report in which you analyze the marketing channel conflicts and cannibalization issues that Lonely Planet faces as it is currently operating. Suggest solutions that might reduce the revenue losses or operational frictions that result from these issues.

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CISC 101 Chapter Notes - Chapter 5: Code Reuse, Global Variable, Boolean Function

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