JOUR 1002 Chapter Notes - Chapter 8-32: Analog Computer, Fax, Arpanet
21 Jun 2018
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Spirit of the Web Notes:
Chapter 8: The Telephone:
-> Theodore Vail invented the telephone system -> Bell had a new perspective of the
telephone compared to Gray -> Bell had a background in speech pathology and was a
trainer for the deaf
—> saw telephone as an extension of man —> brought it to the Philadelphia Centennial
-> Gray was an established inventor —> saw telephone as being used in industrial and
commercialized areas —> joined Westin Union
Chapter 9: A Convivial Technology:
-> convivial tools: technology made for people to help them pursue their own goals
(ex. the telephone) -> modern technology —> manipulative tools which are dependent,
passive, and alienated -> the conviviality of a tool does not mean the levels of skills need to
operate
(ex. telephone system is complex, but using it is simple) -> Habermas— philosopher who
grew up in wartime Germany —> served western front as a teen (Hitler’s youth) —>
wanted to understand how Nazi propaganda could corrupt an entire country —> believed
society needed multiple forms of communication, but needed to be careful of how reliant
we were on them -> opposite of Illich’s convivial -> manipulative technology -> telephone &
intimacy & public spam -> telemarketers started abusing it because the ringing was so
annoying —> called registered numbers that were subject to fines -> intimacy of the
telephone— public space because system was a public utility -> government in Europe
granted close-by regulating private monopolies; US and Canada saw it as something to
serve the public interest -> Telco wanted it to be in the business sector-> personal use —>
people continued using it in their lives for personal reasons
Chapter 10: The Invention of Radio
1) ability to communicate information at great distances without wires or other material
that connects devices
2) medium mass communication— broadcasters sent out information to “dumb”, or
passive receivers
-> wireless -> Guglielmo Marconi: “father of radio”— because he recognized its potential
—> wanted to test how far the waves would reach— built one on each side of Atlantic
Ocean
Chapter 11: Radio Goes International
-> Marconi’s companies own the radio waves —> wouldn’t sell their equipment, they’d
lease it —> had radio stations along the coastlines —> Marconiism
Chapter 13:
-> radio communication made it easier during wartimes, even with threat of enemies
listening in —> portable —> ships benefited from it greatly -> aircrafts would drop bombs
and radio reporters told them how far away they were from targets -> transatlantic cables
were highly susceptible to being captured by enemies -> military benefited from taking
control over radio waves and didn’t want to put it back into hands of public -> fighting
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
began between Britain and US for control over airwaves -> General Electric
-> Radio Corporation of America— US company -> American, British and French were
fighting for a radio tower in Argentina— Americans won -> amateurs were restricted to
frequencies below 200m.— short distance —> amateurs discovered they could transmit
father in higher frequencies, as well as use less power with picking up with antennas ->
RCA stopped trying to make a world-wide radio system, and focused on making private
stations instead -> equipment became lighter and smaller
Chapter 14:
-> Wellington made most powerful medium of mass communication —> gave up on its
dream of international radio and sold 40% to RCA and became a major shareholder —>
had domestic radio services, but US already had telephones -> radio business froze after
WWI -> Fessenden did an expert a decade earlier for mass radio broadcast -> in Montreal
the Canadian Marconi Company scheduled music broadcasts, possibly becoming first radio
broadcast station
—> company changed its station call letters to CFCF -> public needed radio, political
debates, music stations, etc -> Frank Conrad: engineer —> started small radio station from
garage and viewers wanted scheduled time —> called them “Broadcast”, stealing the term
from the farming community —> radio sales went up and companies approached him for
ads —> Wellington contacted him —> Wellington call letters were KDKA -> radios had to
be made more user friendly —> Edward S. Rogers did that— Wellington followed -> 1922:
Canada issued 36 broadcasting licenses -> Sarnoff wanted the radio to become another
household item
-> 1921: grew from 2 in Dec, to 99 in May of 1922 —> March 1921 was 50,000 radio
receivers, to 750,000 in May of 1922 —> 5 million mark was passed less than 4 years later
—> by 1927, 6.5 million sets were in the US
Chapter 15:
-> At & T announced it would start a experimental broadcast station in 1922 —> received
royalties from any company that used patents by them —> planned on charging people by
the minute for phones and radio -> 25 stations linked by long distance cable lines
-> BBC: well-respected —> WWII was their turning point -> Reith believed that to use
broadcasting for solely entertainment would prostitute it -> US focused on manufacturing
and British commercials —> when China took over that market, the US looked back on how
British commercials had made it a better choice -> Pirate Radio: “radio Luxemburg”
Chapter 16: Television
-> Television— not as popular as cinema (small screen) —> could not reach artistic merit
of movies —> horrors, fun, commercials -> Vietnam: south school segregation, promoted
consumers ethics -> Willoughby Smith: asked to find solution to continually test cables
while they were under construction and being placed underwater -> selenium wire -> Bell’s
photophone (portable telephone) worked over short distances in perfect weather
conditions
-> Shelford Bidwell: used Bells invention & created the fax machine -> Paul Nipkow:
system of television that was improved by JL Baird created BBC’s earliest experiments with
the television -> David Sarnoff: convinced TV would make radio pointless and
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
> theodore vail invented the telephone system -> bell had a new perspective of the telephone compared to gray -> bell had a background in speech pathology and was a trainer for the deaf. > saw telephone as an extension of man > brought it to the philadelphia centennial. > gray was an established inventor > saw telephone as being used in industrial and commercialized areas > joined westin union. Chapter 10: the invention of radio: ability to communicate information at great distances without wires or other material that connects devices, medium mass communication broadcasters sent out information to dumb , or passive receivers. > wireless -> guglielmo marconi: father of radio because he recognized its potential. > wanted to test how far the waves would reach built one on each side of atlantic. > marconi"s companies own the radio waves > wouldn"t sell their equipment, they"d lease it > had radio stations along the coastlines > marconiism.
