BIOL1008 Chapter Notes - Chapter 3: Muscular Layer, Soft Palate, Duodenum
7 Jun 2018
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MODULE 2.2. DIGESTION
2.2.1. Vitamins and Minerals
Substance
Essential for
Sodium
Maintaining water balance, muscle contraction and conduction of nerve
impulses
Calcium
Important in structure of bones and teeth, in conduction of nerve
impulses, muscle contraction and blood clotting
Phosphorus
Important in structure of bones and teeth, present in nucleic acids and ATP
Magnesium
Helps form bones and acts as a co-factor in a number of metabolic
reactions
Iron
Component of haemoglobin and some enzymes
Iodine
Used to make thyroid hormones
Potassium
Important in nerve impulse conduction, muscle contraction and is the
major positive cation in cells
2.2.2. Action of Digestive Enzymes
- Enzymes are composed of proteins
- An enzyme functions as a biological catalyst, and to speed up a biochemical reaction
- Digestive enzymes are hydrolytic enzymes, which means they add water in reactions
that break down complex molecules to simpler ones
Enzyme
Function
Parts of the body
Amylase
Break down carbohydrates
Saliva in the mouth and in the pancreatic
secretions and small intestine
Protease
Break down proteins
Stomach, the pancreatic secretions and
small intestine
Lipase
Break down fats and lipids
Pancreatic secretions and small intestine
Enzymes
Substrate
Enzyme
Produced in
Product
Starch + Water
Amylase
Salivary glands,
pancreas
Maltose
Maltose + Water
Disaccharides
Small intestine
Glucose
Protein + Water
Pepsin
Stomach
Polypeptides (in the stomach)
Polypeptides + Water
Trypsin
Pancreas
Peptides (in the small
intestine)
Peptides + Water
Peptidases
Small intestine
Amino acids
Fats + Water
Lipase
Pancreas &
Small intestine
Fatty acids + glycerol
RNA or DNA
Nucleases
Pancreas
Individual nucleotides
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2.2.3. Structure and Function of the Digestive System
2.2.3.1. Digestive Organs – Mouth
The numbers and types of teeth are symmetrical across the midsagittal plane ie. teeth on the
left hand side are the same as on the right hand side. Therefore, teeth can be expressed as a
dental formula indicating the numbers of teeth on one quadrant of the upper and lower jaw.
For example, 2/2 indicates 2 teeth of a particular kind on one quadrant of the upper jaw and
two on one quadrant of the lower jaw.
Tooth Type
Distinguishing Features
Function
Dental Formula
Incisor
Chisel shaped
Cutting
2/2
Canine
Conical or fang-like
Piercing and tearing
1/1
Premolars or
bicuspids
2 cusps
Cutting and grinding
2/2
Molars
Broad crowns, 4-5 cusps
Grinding and crushing
- The tissue attaching the tongue to the floor of
the mouth is called the frenulum.
- The palate consists of an anterior, ridged hard
region (hard palate) and a posterior soft region
(soft palate).
- What major muscular structure does the
oesophagus pass through to enter the
stomach? Diaphragm
2.2.3.3. Digestive Organs – Stomach
- The pyloric sphincter separates the stomach from the small intestine
2.2.3.4. Digestive Organs – Small Intestine
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Maintaining water balance, muscle contraction and conduction of nerve impulses. Important in structure of bones and teeth, in conduction of nerve impulses, muscle contraction and blood clotting. Important in structure of bones and teeth, present in nucleic acids and atp. Helps form bones and acts as a co-factor in a number of metabolic reactions. Important in nerve impulse conduction, muscle contraction and is the major positive cation in cells. An enzyme functions as a biological catalyst, and to speed up a biochemical reaction. Digestive enzymes are hydrolytic enzymes, which means they add water in reactions that break down complex molecules to simpler ones. Saliva in the mouth and in the pancreatic secretions and small intestine. The numbers and types of teeth are symmetrical across the midsagittal plane ie. teeth on the left hand side are the same as on the right hand side.
