LQB185 Chapter Notes - Chapter 24: Stratified Squamous Epithelium, Simple Squamous Epithelium, Loose Connective Tissue

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Chapter 24- Digestive System

24.1 Overview of the Digestive System

➢ Comprised of 2 groups of organs

1. Gastrointestinal (GI) tract

i. A continuous tube from mouth to anus. (Mouth, Pharynx,

Oesophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine)

2. Accessory Digestive Organs

i. Produce/store secretions that flow into the GI tract through

ducts, the secretion helps in chemical breakdown of food.

(Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

(exocrine unit in digestive tract))

➢ Tonus: sustained contraction

➢ Function of Digestive System

1. Ingestion

2. Secretion

3. Mixing and Propulsion (motility)

4. Digestion (mechanical -> teeth) (chemical -> enzymes breakdown)

5. Absorption

6. Defecation

24.2 Layers of the GI Tract

➢ 4 layers (deep -> superficial)

1. Mucosa (mucous membrane)

i. Layer of epithelium (Mouth, Pharynx, Oesophagus and Anal ->

Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium) (Stomach and

Intestines -> Simple Columnar Epithelium)

ii. Layer of areolar connective tissue (Lamina Propria)

iii. Thin layer of smooth muscle (Muscularis Mucosae): throws

mucous membrane of stomach and small intestines into small

folds

2. Submucosa

i. Areolar connective tissue, contains blood and lymphatic vessels

that receive absorbed food molecules.

3. Muscularis

i. Skeletal muscle (Mouth, Pharynx, Superior and Middle parts of

Oesophagus + Anus)

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ii. Smooth muscle for remainder

4. Serosa/adventitia

i. Those organs in abdominal cavity have this superficial layer

ii. A serous membrane of areolar connective tissue and simple

squamous epithelium.

24.4 Peritoneum

➢ Largest serous membrane of the body

➢ Consists of simple squamous epithelium with an underlying supporting

layer of areolar connective tissue.

➢ 2 parts

1. Parietal Peritoneum (lines wall of abdominal cavity)

2. Visceral Peritoneum (covers some of the organs in the cavity)

➢ Peritoneal Cavity- slim space containing serous fluid between 2 parts

➢ 5 major peritoneal folds

1. Greater Omentum

- Largest fold, double sheet that folds back on self = 4 layers,

adipose tissue (expandable for weight gain)

2. Falciform Ligament

- Attaches to liver (only digestive organ that attaches to anterior

wall)

3. Lesser Omentum

- Connects Stomach and duodenum to the liver

4. Mesentery

- Binds jejunum and ileum of small intestines to the posterior

abdominal wall

5. Mesocolon

- Bind transvers colon and sigmoid colon of large intestine to

posterior abdominal wall

24.5 Mouth

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Document Summary

Comprised of 2 groups of organs: gastrointestinal (gi) tract. A continuous tube from mouth to anus. (mouth, pharynx, Oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine: accessory digestive organs. Produce/store secretions that flow into the gi tract through ducts, the secretion helps in chemical breakdown of food. (teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas (exocrine unit in digestive tract)) Function of digestive system: ingestion, secretion, mixing and propulsion (motility, digestion (mechanical -> teeth) (chemical -> enzymes breakdown, absorption, defecation. 4 layers (deep -> superficial: mucosa (mucous membrane) Layer of epithelium (mouth, pharynx, oesophagus and anal -> Thin layer of smooth muscle (muscularis mucosae): throws mucous membrane of stomach and small intestines into small folds: submucosa. Areolar connective tissue, contains blood and lymphatic vessels that receive absorbed food molecules: muscularis. Skeletal muscle (mouth, pharynx, superior and middle parts of. Those organs in abdominal cavity have this superficial layer. A serous membrane of areolar connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium.

Related Questions

The digestion process begins at the mouth. Food enters and then accessory digestive organs like the tongue, teeth, and salivary glands break down the substance. It then travels through the pharynx and esophagus into the stomach, where the stomach acid further breaks down the food (UXL Complete Health Resource). After that, the food travels through the small and large intestines where a majority of its nutrients are absorbed. The waste then exits through the end of the large intestine which is made up of the rectum and anus. After the teeth assist in chewing, food rolls over the tongue and reaches stomach through the esophagus within 8 seconds. General Tsoâs Chicken and Rice consist of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. However, carbohydrates are digested easily than the fats and proteins. After broken down in the stomach, most of the nutrients are absorbed from the small intestine, and it takes 6 to 8 hours to pass through small intestine. The remaining unabsorbed material, âmoves very slowly through the large intestine where the final absorption of water and other nutrients take placeâ (UXL Complete Health Resource). The parasympathetic nervous system encourages the food to move through the digestive tract and motivates digestion process. The sympathetic nervous system works against the parasympathetic nervous system by decreasing the contraction and relaxation of the digestive tract (Taylor). Mouth produces saliva, which contains amylase. Amylase is key in digesting carbohydrates. The stomach produces hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor, and mucus (Taylor). Hydrochloric acid kills the bacteria and other organisms that enter the stomach, and then continues to activate pepsinogen. Pepsinogen then changes into pepsin, which digests protein peptides. The pancreas produces trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, lipases, and phospholipases. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases digest proteins, whereas lipases, phospholipases digest lipid molecules. Small intestine produces lactase, sucrase, maltase, lipases, and peptidases. Lactase, sucrase, and maltase digest carbohydrates (UXL Complete Health Resource). Saliva glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder are the accessory organs of the digestive process. Saliva glands produce mucus and amylase which digests starch into simple sugars and binds food particles together, while lubricating the palette when one swallows. The pancreas produces amylase, lipases, and proteinases etc. These digestive juices are responsible for breaking down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The liver is the largest gland in the body, âIt produces bile salts to emulsify lipids. It detoxifies metabolic end products to protect the bodyâ (UXL Complete Health Resource). Gallbladder stores bile juice. The chicken in the General Tsoâs contains proteins. Proteins cannot be digested in mouth. However, the mouth can physically digest chicken into smaller pieces. These partially digested chicken pieces travel to stomach, where it is digested by pepsin. The pancreas produces trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, lipases, and phospholipases (UXL Complete Health Resource). The chicken is then digested by trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases in the duodenum of the small intestine. After the complete digestion, the chickenâs proteins change into amino acids, which are then absorbed into blood. The rice of the General Tsoâs is a carbohydrate. Carbohydrates are partially digested inside the mouth by amylase. The rest of the rice travels to the stomach where it is digested by pancreatic juices and enzymes that are produced by small intestine. The digestion of the rice produces monosaccharides that absorb into the blood stream. The left over, and undigested parts of the chicken and rice that are useless to the body are excreted by large intestine through rectum.

1) Based on your finding in the Module 3 Report, begin the Module 4 Report by identifying which metabolites are being absorbed and specifically which vessels of the cardiovascular or lymphatic system are the initial vessel of transport from the digestive system. 2) From the point that the specific metabolites are absorbed from the GI tract, trace the path of the resulting metabolites to the following locations in the body for incorporation into the body structure: Metabolites of protein for use in the Gastrocnemius muscle for muscle maintenance. Metabolites of the carbohydrates for energy to contract the cardiac muscle cells. Metabolites of fat to incorporate into the myelin sheaths of the Schwann cells of the Trigeminal nerve that innervates the Masseter muscle. Water for incorporation into the synovial fluid of the hip joint. Iron for incorporation into red blood cells in the bone marrow of the sternum.

maroonguinea-pig686

Food that we consume is composed of very complex molecules. During the digestive process these compounds are broken down into smaller and smaller subunits in preparation for use by the body as building blocks needed for the many components of the human body. The digestion process begins at the mouth. Food enters and then accessory digestive organs like the tongue, teeth, and salivary glands break down the substance. It then travels through the pharynx and esophagus into the stomach, where the stomach acid further breaks down the food (UXL Complete Health Resource). After that, the food travels through the small and large intestines where a majority of its nutrients are absorbed. The waste then exits through the end of the large intestine which is made up of the rectum and anus. After the teeth assist in chewing, food rolls over the tongue and reaches stomach through the esophagus within 8 seconds. General Tsoâs Chicken and Rice consist of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. However, carbohydrates are digested easily than the fats and proteins. After broken down in the stomach, most of the nutrients are absorbed from the small intestine, and it takes 6 to 8 hours to pass through small intestine. The remaining unabsorbed material, âmoves very slowly through the large intestine where the final absorption of water and other nutrients take placeâ (UXL Complete Health Resource). The parasympathetic nervous system encourages the food to move through the digestive tract and motivates digestion process. The sympathetic nervous system works against the parasympathetic nervous system by decreasing the contraction and relaxation of the digestive tract (Taylor). Mouth produces saliva, which contains amylase. Amylase is key in digesting carbohydrates. The stomach produces hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor, and mucus (Taylor). Hydrochloric acid kills the bacteria and other organisms that enter the stomach, and then continues to activate pepsinogen. Pepsinogen then changes into pepsin, which digests protein peptides. The pancreas produces trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, lipases, and phospholipases. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases digest proteins, whereas lipases, phospholipases digest lipid molecules. Small intestine produces lactase, sucrase, maltase, lipases, and peptidases. Lactase, sucrase, and maltase digest carbohydrates (UXL Complete Health Resource). Saliva glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder are the accessory organs of the digestive process. Saliva glands produce mucus and amylase which digests starch into simple sugars and binds food particles together, while lubricating the palette when one swallows. The pancreas produces amylase, lipases, and proteinases etc. These digestive juices are responsible for breaking down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The liver is the largest gland in the body, âIt produces bile salts to emulsify lipids. It detoxifies metabolic end products to protect the bodyâ (UXL Complete Health Resource). Gallbladder stores bile juice. The chicken in the General Tsoâs contains proteins. Proteins cannot be digested in mouth. However, the mouth can physically digest chicken into smaller pieces. These partially digested chicken pieces travel to stomach, where it is digested by pepsin. The pancreas produces trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, lipases, and phospholipases (UXL Complete Health Resource). The chicken is then digested by trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases in the duodenum of the small intestine. After the complete digestion, the chickenâs proteins change into amino acids, which are then absorbed into blood. The rice of the General Tsoâs is a carbohydrate. Carbohydrates are partially digested inside the mouth by amylase. The rest of the rice travels to the stomach where it is digested by pancreatic juices and enzymes that are produced by small intestine. The digestion of the rice produces monosaccharides that absorb into the blood stream. The left over, and undigested parts of the chicken and rice that are useless to the body are excreted by large intestine through rectum. 1) Based on your finding in the Module 3 Report, begin the Module 4 Report by identifying which metabolites are being absorbed and specifically which vessels of the cardiovascular or lymphatic system are the initial vessel of transport from the digestive system. 2) From the point that the specific metabolites are absorbed from the GI tract, trace the path of the resulting metabolites to the following locations in the body for incorporation into the body structure: Metabolites of protein for use in the Gastrocnemius muscle for muscle maintenance. Metabolites of the carbohydrates for energy to contract the cardiac muscle cells. Metabolites of fat to incorporate into the myelin sheaths of the Schwann cells of the Trigeminal nerve that innervates the Masseter muscle. Water for incorporation into the synovial fluid of the hip joint. Iron for incorporation into red blood cells in the bone marrow of the sternum.

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LQB185 Chapter Notes - Chapter 24: Stratified Squamous Epithelium, Simple Squamous Epithelium, Loose Connective Tissue

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