BIOL10004 Chapter Notes - Chapter 4: Symbiogenesis, Cryptomonad, Brown Algae

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jadebutterfly872

29 Jun 2018

School

University of Melbourne

Department

Biology

Course

BIOL10004

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All

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Secondary endosymbiosis and the origin of organelles

Many plastids are bounded by two membranes

All descendants of primary endosymbiosis

Protists with secondary plastids

Groups of protists have stolen photosynthesise ability from plastid-bearing cells

Acquired plastids by cannibalising parts from photosynthetic prey

Acquisition as "Secondary Endosymbiosis"

Organisms with secondarily acquired plastids usually have multiple membranes surrounding

the plastids

Secondary endosymbiosis has been driving force of eukaryotic diversity

oSpawns enormous range of protists

Cryptomonads, heterokonts, euglenoids acquired plastids through secondary endosymbiosis

 Many non-photosynthetic protists such as pathogens like Plasmodium (causes malaria) are

Protistan pirates

Chromist Protists: "the brown lineage"

Chromists are a diverse group

Clearly acquired plastids by secondary endosymbiosis of red alga

Brown algae have chlorophyll C

Red algae lack chlorophyll C

Gene sequencing identifies endosymbiont as red alga

Chromists have one smooth flagellum (posteriorly) and one hairy flagellum (anteriorly)

Typical for protists called heterokonts

Flagellates with secondary plastids: cryptomonads

Cryptomonads have small anterior invagination

Two flagella inserted

Unicellular

Reproduces asexually

Cryptomonad plastids have chlorophylls a and c plus phycobilin pigment

Products of photosynthesis stored outside plastid as starch

Have second small nucleus (nucleomorph)

oAssociated with plastid

Acquired ability to photosynthesize through secondary endosymbiosis

oCannibalizing a eukaryote

Much reduced second nucleus belonged to cryptomonad plastid is remnants of eukaryotic

endosymbiont's nucleus

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Document Summary

Many plastids are bounded by two membranes. Groups of protists have stolen photosynthesise ability from plastid-bearing cells. Acquired plastids by cannibalising parts from photosynthetic prey. Organisms with secondarily acquired plastids usually have multiple membranes surrounding the plastids. Secondary endosymbiosis has been driving force of eukaryotic diversity o. Cryptomonads, heterokonts, euglenoids acquired plastids through secondary endosymbiosis. Many non-photosynthetic protists such as pathogens like plasmodium (causes malaria) are. Clearly acquired plastids by secondary endosymbiosis of red alga. Gene sequencing identifies endosymbiont as red alga. Chromists have one smooth flagellum (posteriorly) and one hairy flagellum (anteriorly) Cryptomonad plastids have chlorophylls a and c plus phycobilin pigment. Products of photosynthesis stored outside plastid as starch. Have second small nucleus (nucleomorph: associated with plastid. Acquired ability to photosynthesize through secondary endosymbiosis o.

Related Questions

Question 1 Which characteristic(s) of mitochondria andchloroplasts supports their existence as independent prokaryoticcells that were engulfed by eukaryotic cells?

Question 1 options: their size presence of their own DNA theirself-replication by binary fission all of these characteristicssupport that mitochondria and chloroplasts were independentprokaryotic cells that were engulfed by eukaryotic cells

Question 2 Mitochondria originated from __________, which wereengulfed during __________ endosymbiosis. Chloroplasts originatedfrom __________, which were engulfed during __________endosymbiosis.

Question 2 options: aerobic bacterium; primary; cyanobacteria;primary anaerobic bacterium; primary; cyanobacteria; secondarycyanobacteria; primary; aerobic bacterium; secondary cyanobacteria;primary; aerobic bacterium; primary

Question 3 Saved Secondary endosymbiosis refers to the processby which

Question 3 options: prokaryotes acquired chloroplasts.prokaryotes acquired mitochondria. eukaryotic cells engulfedcyanobacteria. eukaryotic cells with mitochondria engulfed aphotosynthetic.

Question 4 Saved Though there are exceptions, __________ is acommon reproductive strategy among protists.

Question 4 options: sexual reproduction by mitosis asexualreproduction by mitosis binary fission asexual reproduction bymeiosis

Question 5 Protists with chloroplasts are __________ that maketheir own food. Protists that lack chloroplasts ___________ and arethus heterotrophic; this group is generally known as__________.

Question 5 options: parasites; ingest food; protozoansheterotrophs; photosynthesize; plankton photosynthetic autotrophs;ingest or absorb food; protozoans green algae; are parasites;plankton

Question 6 An endosymbiotic protist that does not cause diseaseis likely

Question 6 options: plankton. a protozoan. a parasiticheterotroph. a photosynthetic autotroph.

Question 7 The euglenoids are

Question 7 options: euglenoids can be all of these things.photosynthetic organisms with chloroplasts. heterotrophic organismswithout chloroplasts. flagellated freshwater unicellularorganisms.

Question 8 African sleeping sickness and Chagas disease arecaused by

Question 8 options: amoeboids found in zooplankton. euglenoidswith chloroplasts. photosynthetic protists. parasiticflagellates.

Question 9 Amoeboids feed by

Question 9 options: photosynthesis, by which they make their ownfood in their chloroplasts. phagocytosis, which occurs aspseudopods surround and engulf prey. decomposing dead organisms.absorbing nutrients from their surroundings.

Question 10 Foraminiferans and radiolarians

Question 10 options: share a clade with the amoeboids. areamoeboids with shells called tests. have pseudopods, but are notamoeboids. do not have pseudopods, though they do have shells,called tests.

Question 11 A ciliate might have __________, which dischargestructures that are useful in defense or prey capture.

Question 11 options: anal pores trypanosomes contractilevacuoles trichocysts

Question 12 Ciliates reproduce __________ and have __________ tocontrol metabolism and reproduction.

Question 12 options: both sexually and asexually; two types ofnuclei sexually; a single nucleus asexually; two types of nuclei bybinary fission; a nucleoid

Question 13 The nonmotile apicomplexan Plasmodium vivaxcauses

Question 13 options: Chagas disease. vaginitis. African sleepingsickness. malaria.

Question 14 Which phase of Plasmodium vivaxâs life cycle takesplace in the human liver? In the mosquito carrier?

Question 14 options: the sexual phase; the asexual phase theasexual phase; the sexual phase

Question 15 __________ molds are found in forests, fields, andin soil. They exist in two forms, individual amoeboid __________and diploid multinucleated __________.

Question 15 options: Slime; sporangium; flagellated cells Water;sporangium; flagellated cells Slime; cellular slime molds;plasmodial slime molds Water; cellular water molds; plasmodialwater molds

Question 16 __________ are among the most numerous of allunicellular algae in the oceans and produce a major portion of theearths oxygen supply.

Question 16 options: Red algae Sporozoa DinoflagellatesDiatoms

Question 17 The phenomenon known as red tide is caused by

Question 17 options: population explosions in dinoflagellates.population explosions in red algae. built up remains of diatoms.bacterial invasion of the phytoplankton.

Question 18 The seaweed observed on the shoreline in the northtemperate zone, sometimes called kelp, is

Question 18 options: green algae. blue-green algae. red algae.brown algae.

Question 19 Ice cream, sherbet, and cream cheese are made fromalginate, a pectinlike material produced by __________ algae. Anemulsifying agent used in cosmetics and chocolate, as well as thewrappings for sushi rolls are made from extracts or parts of__________ algae.

Question 19 options: brown; green brown; red red; green green;brown

Question 20 Saved Green algae are believed to be closely relatedto the first plants, and are classified as plants by someauthorities, because both groups

Question 20 options: have a cell wall containing cellulose.possess chlorophylls a and b. All of these choices accuratelycomplete this statement. store reserve food in the form ofstarch.

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BIOL10004 Chapter Notes - Chapter 4: Symbiogenesis, Cryptomonad, Brown Algae

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