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16 Jun 2019

Sampling Risk vs. Detection Risk

There are many different types of risk associated with the auditing process. An effective auditor must take the risks into consideration during the auditing process as well as the relationships between the various risks. Discuss the difference in sampling risk and detection risk as well as the relationship between the two risks. What types of substantive procedures can an auditor use to restrict detention risk?

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Beverley Smith
Beverley SmithLv2
19 Jun 2019

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Scenario 7 Investment Portfolio You know that there is a trade-off between risk and return when you choose an investment. The greater the return you expect to receive, the larger the risk you must take. Most people cannot afford to risk much of their money on investments that offer a high return. This, however, does not mean that they must accept only low returns on their investments. Through diversification, a fair return can be achieved without taking unreasonable risks. Asset allocation is the process of choosing a variety of investments that offers different combinations of risk and return. Then, if one investment fails to do well, others may make up for its poor performance by being successful. The objective for each investor is to select a portfolio of investments that meets his or her individual financial goals. Your cousin, Maya (28 years) and her husband, Peter (32 years), have very different views when it comes down to investments. Peter wants to save some money for a down payment on a house and wants to put all their money in bank accounts, whereas Maya wants to put all their money into growth stocks so that they can accumulate the money faster. They are seeking your advice. What would you suggest them to do and why? (Use vocabulary – asset allocation, rule of 72, time factor, age, types of stocks, bonds, treasury securities, mutual funds)

Derivative

Vanguard High Yield Corporate Fund
Materials
• Website information (23/05/2016)
https://personal.vanguard.com/us/funds/snapshot?FundId=0029&FundIntExt=INT
• Summary Prospectus (27/05/2015)
• Prospectus (27/05/2015)
Anakin’s Job
In May 2016, Anakin leaves his job in Hollywood and returned to the finance industry. It is his
first love after all and the industry appears to be picking up again after the credit crunch of
2007-2008. He applies to be the risk analyst to the fund manager of the Vanguard High Yield
Corporate Fund as his quantitative training positions him well for a job that requires ever more
numerical and computational skills over the years. His solid background in applied analytics
in business management and humble demeanour help him clinch the post without much
difficulty.
The Vanguard Group is an American investment company that has approximately USD 3
trillion in asset-under-management. It is founded in 1975 by John Bogle who created the first
index fund (tied to the S&P 500 index) in the process. After an initial lull, the index grew
rapidly along with the bull market of the 1980s. The Group has since added various financial
services and products to its core business, particularly the ETFs.
Anakin is tasked by the fund manager to become thoroughly familiar with the structure of the
fund as is documented by files provided under “Materials”. After that, he is to assess the
exposure of the High Yield Corporate Fund to risks in the market. He seeks the opinion of
Darth who is a veteran market analyst with the Vanguard Guard group for over 20 years.
Outlook
Darth has this to say about the economy and fixed income market:
" The US economy is improving steadily. It will not be long before the Fed decides to raise
interest rates. Once the Fed restarts the regime of rising rates, it will about 2 years for the yield
curve to rise by 100 basis points.
Consequently, in the more stringent economic environment, companies of lower credit
qualities, namely those of Caa and below, are expected to have their credit standing further
eroded. There is a 25% chance that a Caa-rated issuer may go into default and another 25%
chance that it may be downgraded to C.
The Greek debt problem, though much stabilized than before, is still a matter of grave concern
for the Eurozone. Expect the euro to depreciate against the dollar over the course of the next 6
months. A fall of 500 pips will not be a surprise. "
Assume Anakins’ role and answer the following questions. Questions 1 and 2 concern the
Financial Environment. The Environment at large provides the context and sets the constraints
within which financial decisions are weighed and taken. Questions 3 and 4 pertain to the task
that Anakin needs to complete.

Question 1
Describe the types of mutual funds that can be found in the market in a concise and systematic
manner, suitable for presenting to a group of investors who are high net worth and impatient.
(25 marks)
Question 2
Collect data (e.g. from the internet and/or Eikon) to plot the term structures of bond yields.
Each term structure describes the state of the fixed income market for bonds of the credit quality
corresponding to that curve. The different term structures span the space of bonds across credit
qualities and maturities.
Analyse the states of these markets relative to the shape of the curves. Compare and contrast
your analysis with current market views.
Explain your steps, present your answers and quote your sources clearly.
(25 marks)
Question 3
To better understand the structure of the fund, answer the following questions:
(a) Describe the composition of the fund.
(b) What are the risks faced by the fund according to the prospectus? Analyse the nature of
the portfolio risk accordingly and comment on whether commodity price risk and equity
price risk matter to the fund management.
(c) Discuss the performance of the fund based on the financial numbers provided.
(d) Assess the quality of the management of the fund.
(25 marks)
Question 4
The fund is affected by changes in the financial markets. When interest rates rise, the value of
the portfolio falls. Occurrences that are flagged by the rating agency to be credit events can
result in the downgrading of credit rating of bond issuers. Bonds that denominated in foreign
currency are affected by fluctuations in the foreign exchange market.
(a) Analyse generally the need for hedging the various market risks for the fund.

Take into account Darth’s outlook. Address some of these risk concerns by answering the
following question:
(b) Suppose that in the coming 2 years, the prevailing interest rates are expected to go up
by 100 basis points and you are concerned. Show how you could hedge away the
interest rate risk by using an interest rate swap, assuming that the fund by may
represented by a single 5-year par bond on the $18.4 billion net assets with semi-annual
5% coupon payments starting from the current date.
In your explanation, you may assume a scenario in which a flat yield curve increases
uniformly across all terms by 25 basis points per half-a-year.
(c) Credit default swaps may be used to ameliorate credit risk. Appraise the use of such
option-like derivative instruments in managing the risk of the portfolio by explaining
how such instruments function.

This questions are based on FINANCE LAW subject,
If you guys can solve it using IRAC METHOD.
PART A
Jasper is a furniture manufacturer who runs a successful business in Caroline Springs as a sole trader. He owns the land on which his existing factory is built together with plant and equipment including two motor vehicles. He wants to take on partners to help put into effect his grand plans for expansion including the setting up of several more factories. Obviously, he says to himself, I need an injection of funds to finance these great plans.
So Jasper goes to a branch of the Very Accommodating Bank (‘VA Bank’) that has just opened up in his area.
On 31 August he sees the local manager of the VA Bank, a lady called Gloria. He discusses with Gloria the amount of borrowed funds Jasper thinks he will need for his business. They agree that a loan of $750,000.00 would meet Jasper’s immediate needs.
They discuss different types of loans and Gloria says: ‘Well, Jasper that is all very interesting. Based upon my experience with similar businesses to yours, I can say that the Bank would be very interested in lending you what you need. Of course we would require security. We would certainly require a mortgage over your real property together with a fixed/floating charge over your other assets.’
Jasper says that he doesn’t want to pay high fees and requires an interest rate of no more than 7% payable quarterly for the loan. Gloria says: ‘As to interest, I can only tell you that our current rate is 7.25%. What do you think about all of this? ‘Jasper says to her: ‘I will think about it and get back to you.’ Gloria says: ‘Well, don’t take too long about it.’
Jasper is getting a little fed up with Gloria’s over bearing manner and thinks he can get a better deal elsewhere. Unfortunately, he finds that in fact no one else will lend to him. So two weeks later on 14 September Jasper emails Gloria, in which email he states: ‘I accept your offer of 31 August.’
A week later Jasper phones Gloria to ask when he can access the loan. Gloria says to him: ‘Sorry, Jasper, but there has been a downturn in the Bank’s shares and the interest rate for loans such as yours is now 8.5%.’
(a) Ignoring legislation or Codes of Conduct, advise Jasper as to whether or not VA Bank is obliged to provide him with a loan of $750,000.00 at 7.25%. Give reasons for your answer.​ [5 marks]
Although he is dismayed at the Bank’s attitude, Jasper is desperate to get his plans under way and phones Gloria saying: ‘We agree to your terms but I have one question of importance to me - Can I have the option of repaying the loan on an interest only basis instead of repaying principal and interest should my circumstances make such a change necessary?’ To which Gloria replied: ‘I am fairly certain you can have that facility.’
Jasper receives the Bank’s standard contract documents for the loan, signs them and returns the documents to Gloria. Unfortunately Jasper was pressed for time and did not actually read the contracts before signing. On reading them the next day he is dismayed to find that they contain the usual obligations to repay regular instalments of principal and interest but there is no reference to an option to pay interest only.
(b) Advise Jasper if he can insist upon the Bank including an option clause in the loan agreement.​​ [3 marks]
Finally, Jasper had previously banked at the ​Westfall Bank. In the course of discussions between Gloria and Joe, the Manager of Westfall Bank, Joe tells Gloria that Jasper needs to be kept an eye on as he was always writing cheques in favour of the local casino. Gloria passes this information on to Jasper, who is appalled at this slight on his reputation.
(c) Advise Jasper what rights he has against Westfall Bank. [2 marks]​
PART B
Chameleon Ltd is a customer of the Caring and Wealthy Bank. It is a very large company and employs more than 100 people and therefore the Code of Banking Practice does not apply to it. When it opened its account with the Caring and Wealthy Bank, Chameleon Ltd agreed to be bound by this Bank’s terms and conditions as notified to it from time to time. Six months after the account is opened Caring and Wealthy Bank sends its statement to Chameleon Ltd together with the following letter:
PLEASE READ THIS LETTER. IT CONTAINS EXCITING NEW INFORMATION ABOUT YOUR ACCOUNT.
Dear Customer (‘you’),
The Caring and Wealthy Bank (‘us’) is always trying to find new ways to service you.
To enable us to do this, however, we have decided to introduce a new term of the contract between you and us. This is to enable us to reduce costs in one area so we can provide you with exciting new services. The new clause 12 of the contract between you and us is as follows:
The customer (‘you’) must read each bank statement sent to you. If there are any inconsistencies in the statement you must notify the bank of the inconsistencies within 10 business days. Failure to notify us of such inconsistencies means the amount of the balance contained in the incorrect statement represents what you owe us or what we owe you, as the case may be.
The managing director of Chameleon Ltd receives the bank statement and letter. She doesn’t read the bank statement. She starts to read the letter but throws it in the bin after she reads the first sentence thinking the bank is trying to sell new products to the company. ‘Just another publicity stunt,’ she remarks to the office cat.
The bank statement shows that between 1 February and 1 April $1 million has been fraudulently withdrawn from the company’s bank account. Chameleon Ltd does not notify the bank of the fraudulent withdrawal within 10 business days of receiving the statement. It is later discovered by the bank that an employee of Chameleon Ltd, called Cynthia, had fraudulently withdrawn the $1 million and then proceeded to lose the whole sum at the casino. The bank was then informed.
Two months later on 1 June the managing director becomes aware that on 15 May, Colin, the company’s accounts clerk, had fraudulently stolen $2,000 from the company’s current bank account at The Caring and Wealthy Bank by forging company cheques. Colin’s wife had just died and the managing director does not tell the bank about the forgeries. On 30 July, Colin steals a further $1,000 from the company account in the same manner.
After discovering on 30 July what Colin has done, the managing director comes to you and asks you to advise Chameleon Ltd what to do and whether The Caring and Wealthy Bank is entitled to debit the company’s account for
1. the $1million stolen by Cynthia and
2. the $3,000 in total stolen by Colin.
Advise Chameleon Ltd giving reasons with relevant cases. Consider what effect, if any, the letter from the Bank purporting to introduce a ‘NEW TERM’ has on the situation? What Duties of the Banker and Customer ,if any,are involved here? ​ [7 marks]
PART C
Martin Pty Ltd has an account with the Caring and Wealthy Bank named ‘Wages Account’ used (as Martin’s CEO explained to the Bank’s Manager ) for payment of wages to staff. The balance in credit was $25,000.The company also had a current account in debit to the extent of $10,000 and a loan account so designated in debit to the extent of $15,000.
Can the Bank combine any of these accounts? Explain the concept of Combination of Accounts using case law to illustrate your answer. [3 marks]

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