A CAPITAL BUDGETING CASE
The E-Check Company, a manufacturer of pollution detection systems, has enjoyed considerable success. In 2015, the company completed its 25th year in business and generated a return on common equity of 20%. Rusty Rivet, Company C.E.O., is certain the Company can continue this performance. One thing that contributes towards his confidence is that almost all of the Companyâs sales are to governmental programs that, in order to help control pollution, force residents in communities located next to interstate highways to pay a fee to have their vehicle emissions systems tested. Given the high test pass-rates, the pollution in these areas obviously comes largely from traffic passing through the communities rather than from the localâs vehicles, but governments have come to rely on the income emission testing generates and are reluctant to cut the testing requirements. Another reason for his confidence is the fact that most of the Companyâs top managers hold an advanced engineering degree awarded by a variety of prestigious universities. Rusty also believes that stockholders like the fact that the Company pays out all earnings not needed to pay preferred dividends as common dividends (and because he is the majority stockholder in the Company it is unlikely this policy will change). It is estimated that the common dividend will continue to grow annually at an 8% rate.
In January 2016, managers of the Company have expansion plans; they have just completed an evaluation of six capital budgeting projects. The net cash flows (in millions of dollars) and risk assessment of each project are shown below. Company policy requires that average risk projects have an IRR at least equal to the Companyâs weighted average cost of capital (WACC). Policy also requires that the hurdle rate be increased (decreased) by 250 basis points when evaluating projects that are above (below) average risk. Management has determined that the Companyâs WACC is 9.63% and, therefore, management is making plans raise $52 million to implement all of the projects except Project E. As a part of your management training, you have been asked to review the analysis. In particular, management wants you to verify both the WACC calculation and project selection.
Project A B C D E F
0 (10) (12) (15) (5) (11) (10)
1 3.15 4.3 7 2 0 1
2 3.15 4.3 6.4 2 0 3
3 3.15 4.3 5.5 1 0 5
4 3.15 4.3 .5 0 3
5 3.15 .5 0 .55
6 .5 0
7 0
8 22
Risk High Ave. Ave. Low Ave. Low
The Company has one outstanding bond issue. It has an annual stated rate of 8% with annual interest payments. $50,000,000 of the bond issue, with an original term to maturity of 15 years was publicly placed 7 years ago at face value. The most recent price at which a bond traded on the secondary market was $900 (a $100 discount from face value). Any new long-term debt would be raised in the form of a new bond issue. Matilda Angle, E-Checkâs treasurer, has pointed out that the company would like any new bond issue to have an initial maturity of 15 years to lock in the interest rate for a long time, and she also points out that the good news is that the yield curve at this time is essentially flat. In addition, any new bond issues will be privately placed so there will be no flotation costs.
The company has 10 million shares of $1 par common stock outstanding. These shares are currently trading for $10.00 per share on the Cincinnati Stock Exchange. The company paid total dividends of $1,700,000 on these shares during 2015. The companyâs underwriter will charge flotation costs equal to 10% of the value of any new shares sold.
The company also has 100,000 shares of $200 par preferred stock outstanding. These shares are currently trading at $175 per share. The preferred share annual dividend (paid quarterly) is 9.5%. The underwriter will charge flotation costs of 5% of the value of new shares sold.
Managementâs WACC Calculation
Shown below are E-Checkâs simplified financial statements for 2015. Managers used information from the balance sheet to come up with the weights for their WACC calculation.
E-Check
Balance Sheet
December 31, 2015
Current assets 30,000,000 Current liabilities 30,000,000
Long-term assets 88,000,000 Long-term liabilities 50,000,000
Total assets 118,000,000 Total liabilities 80,000,000
Common shares 10,000,000
Preferred shares 20,000,000
Retained earnings 8,000,000
Total equity 38,000,000
Total liabilities & equity 118,000,000
E-Check
Income Statement
2015
Revenues 200,000,000
Cost of goods sold 110,000,000
Gross profit margin 90,000,000
Operating expenses 80,000,000
Operating income 10,000,000
Interest expense 4,000,000
Taxable income 6,000,000
Income tax 2,400,000
Net income 3,600,000
Specifically, the WACC was calculated as follows:
WACC = (Kd * wtd) + (Kp * wtp) + (Ke * wte)
= (8 * (80/118)) + (9.5 * (20/118)) + (17 * (18/118))
= 5.423 + 1.61 + 2.593
= 9.63%
Maria Sliderule, Company controller, has explained to you that 8% was used as the cost of debt because this is the stated rate of interest on the firmâs existing bond issue; 9.5% was used as the cost of preferred shares because this is the dividend rate on the Companyâs preferred stock, 17% was used as the cost of equity because dividends of $1.7 million were paid on the common shares with a book value of $10 million; and that the weights in the WACC calculation were derived directly from the balance sheet.
Internal announcement of the expansion possibilities has fostered some debate. One manager, Mel Lever, asserts that the Company should raise all the money needed in the form of debt, and since the cost of debt is only 8%, all projects should be accepted. Olm Meter, a Norwegian engineer who just joined the E-Check management team, argues that it makes no sense to invest in a project with an IRR less than the WACC. The input of all these individuals cannot be ignored because each is a valuable member of the management team and highly respected in the area of pollution detection technology. This is why you have been asked to review the analysis.
1. Please address the comments of Mr. Lever and Mr. Meter.
2. In which of the proposed capital budgeting projects should the Company invest?
3. What do you think is the Companyâs WACC?
4. List any errors in the 9.63% calculation?
A CAPITAL BUDGETING CASE
The E-Check Company, a manufacturer of pollution detection systems, has enjoyed considerable success. In 2015, the company completed its 25th year in business and generated a return on common equity of 20%. Rusty Rivet, Company C.E.O., is certain the Company can continue this performance. One thing that contributes towards his confidence is that almost all of the Companyâs sales are to governmental programs that, in order to help control pollution, force residents in communities located next to interstate highways to pay a fee to have their vehicle emissions systems tested. Given the high test pass-rates, the pollution in these areas obviously comes largely from traffic passing through the communities rather than from the localâs vehicles, but governments have come to rely on the income emission testing generates and are reluctant to cut the testing requirements. Another reason for his confidence is the fact that most of the Companyâs top managers hold an advanced engineering degree awarded by a variety of prestigious universities. Rusty also believes that stockholders like the fact that the Company pays out all earnings not needed to pay preferred dividends as common dividends (and because he is the majority stockholder in the Company it is unlikely this policy will change). It is estimated that the common dividend will continue to grow annually at an 8% rate.
In January 2016, managers of the Company have expansion plans; they have just completed an evaluation of six capital budgeting projects. The net cash flows (in millions of dollars) and risk assessment of each project are shown below. Company policy requires that average risk projects have an IRR at least equal to the Companyâs weighted average cost of capital (WACC). Policy also requires that the hurdle rate be increased (decreased) by 250 basis points when evaluating projects that are above (below) average risk. Management has determined that the Companyâs WACC is 9.63% and, therefore, management is making plans raise $52 million to implement all of the projects except Project E. As a part of your management training, you have been asked to review the analysis. In particular, management wants you to verify both the WACC calculation and project selection.
Project A B C D E F
0 (10) (12) (15) (5) (11) (10)
1 3.15 4.3 7 2 0 1
2 3.15 4.3 6.4 2 0 3
3 3.15 4.3 5.5 1 0 5
4 3.15 4.3 .5 0 3
5 3.15 .5 0 .55
6 .5 0
7 0
8 22
Risk High Ave. Ave. Low Ave. Low
The Company has one outstanding bond issue. It has an annual stated rate of 8% with annual interest payments. $50,000,000 of the bond issue, with an original term to maturity of 15 years was publicly placed 7 years ago at face value. The most recent price at which a bond traded on the secondary market was $900 (a $100 discount from face value). Any new long-term debt would be raised in the form of a new bond issue. Matilda Angle, E-Checkâs treasurer, has pointed out that the company would like any new bond issue to have an initial maturity of 15 years to lock in the interest rate for a long time, and she also points out that the good news is that the yield curve at this time is essentially flat. In addition, any new bond issues will be privately placed so there will be no flotation costs.
The company has 10 million shares of $1 par common stock outstanding. These shares are currently trading for $10.00 per share on the Cincinnati Stock Exchange. The company paid total dividends of $1,700,000 on these shares during 2015. The companyâs underwriter will charge flotation costs equal to 10% of the value of any new shares sold.
The company also has 100,000 shares of $200 par preferred stock outstanding. These shares are currently trading at $175 per share. The preferred share annual dividend (paid quarterly) is 9.5%. The underwriter will charge flotation costs of 5% of the value of new shares sold.
Managementâs WACC Calculation
Shown below are E-Checkâs simplified financial statements for 2015. Managers used information from the balance sheet to come up with the weights for their WACC calculation.
E-Check
Balance Sheet
December 31, 2015
Current assets 30,000,000 Current liabilities 30,000,000
Long-term assets 88,000,000 Long-term liabilities 50,000,000
Total assets 118,000,000 Total liabilities 80,000,000
Common shares 10,000,000
Preferred shares 20,000,000
Retained earnings 8,000,000
Total equity 38,000,000
Total liabilities & equity 118,000,000
E-Check
Income Statement
2015
Revenues 200,000,000
Cost of goods sold 110,000,000
Gross profit margin 90,000,000
Operating expenses 80,000,000
Operating income 10,000,000
Interest expense 4,000,000
Taxable income 6,000,000
Income tax 2,400,000
Net income 3,600,000
Specifically, the WACC was calculated as follows:
WACC = (Kd * wtd) + (Kp * wtp) + (Ke * wte)
= (8 * (80/118)) + (9.5 * (20/118)) + (17 * (18/118))
= 5.423 + 1.61 + 2.593
= 9.63%
Maria Sliderule, Company controller, has explained to you that 8% was used as the cost of debt because this is the stated rate of interest on the firmâs existing bond issue; 9.5% was used as the cost of preferred shares because this is the dividend rate on the Companyâs preferred stock, 17% was used as the cost of equity because dividends of $1.7 million were paid on the common shares with a book value of $10 million; and that the weights in the WACC calculation were derived directly from the balance sheet.
Internal announcement of the expansion possibilities has fostered some debate. One manager, Mel Lever, asserts that the Company should raise all the money needed in the form of debt, and since the cost of debt is only 8%, all projects should be accepted. Olm Meter, a Norwegian engineer who just joined the E-Check management team, argues that it makes no sense to invest in a project with an IRR less than the WACC. The input of all these individuals cannot be ignored because each is a valuable member of the management team and highly respected in the area of pollution detection technology. This is why you have been asked to review the analysis.
1. Please address the comments of Mr. Lever and Mr. Meter.
2. In which of the proposed capital budgeting projects should the Company invest?
3. What do you think is the Companyâs WACC?
4. List any errors in the 9.63% calculation?
