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We have all had bosses, teachers, and other so-called leaders who were not effective communicators. Give 2 examples, and discuss the impact that a boss who is a poor communicator has on employees and the organization as a whole.

For each example that you provide, discuss your points in a well-rounded paragraph.

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Trinidad Tremblay
Trinidad TremblayLv2
28 Sep 2019

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Budget Cutting Time in a Public Middle School

You are the principal for a rural middle school located in the northwest. You are directly responsible for ensuring the education of 800 students and supervising 45 teachers and 15 support staff. You thought you had an operating budget of $2,200,000, but budget cutbacks have reduced your funding by $200,000. It is mid June, and you know you will not be able to get any more money for the upcoming school year. In addition, student enrollments have been increasing steadily over the past few years and are currently at record levels. The teachers, support staff, and school board all know about the budget cutbacks, and state law forbids public schools from carrying over any debt into the next school year.

Dwayne Jones has been at the school for ten years and recently was voted to be president of the teachers' union. You have always gotten along well with Dwayne, but have had several disagreements about the administration's ability to assess a teacher's impact in the classroom. You feel that teaching is no different than any other profession, and a teacher's ability to make classes interesting and convey knowledge can be assessed through observations made by the administration staff and national testing scores. Dwayne believes it is impossible to adequately assess the impact teachers have on students, and as a result feels all salary, promotion, and termination decisions should be made on the basis of seniority, not merit. You have observed all of the teachers in your school several times over the past year, and you feel six of them are incompetent. In addition, these six teachers have more complaints from students and parents combined than the all of the remaining teachers at the school. However, these six teachers have been at the school an average of eight years and were staunch supporters of Dwayne during the election for union president. Dwayne had promised his constituents he would work hard to ensure all personnel decisions involving teachers would be solely based on seniority. The union contract allows you to terminate ineffective teachers, and you would save $180,000 through this personnel decision (each of these teachers makes about $30,000). However, the contract also specifies both you and the union president must agree before this termination decision can become official. When you tell Dwayne your ideas about eliminating the ineffective teachers, he stated he would not go along with the idea and suggested you eliminate the eight most junior teachers at the school instead. All eight of these teachers are young, have less than two years of teaching experience, and have proven to be enthusiastic and effective teachers. Because each of these less experienced teachers make approximately $20,000 per year, you could save the school $160,000 by choosing this option.

The school has three full time physical education teachers and supports 12 male and female athletic teams. You are good friends with all three physical education instructors, and two of the members of the school board have children on at least one of the athletic teams. Because all three physical education teachers have been at the school a number years, eliminating physical education from the school's curriculum would save $120,000 in teachers' salaries and $70,000 in athletic team support.

The school has 15 non-union support staff who do jobs ranging from administrative support, custodial and maintenance work, library management, and food services support. You have always felt the support people were the glue that held the school together, and many of them attended the school as teenagers and all will go the extra mile to ensure the school runs well. The support personnel tend to be fairly senior, as the most junior has six years of experience and the most senior has over 30 years of experience. Cutting out the school hot lunch program would eliminate four food services positions ($50,000) and the school's funding obligation in support of the program ($80,000). Eliminating two of the five administrative staff positions would save $35,000, one of the two library positions $17,000, and two of the four custodial positions would save $28,000.

The school has special math, science, and English programs for talented and gifted students. Elaine Simpson teaches these programs, and she has been very successful at getting her students to do well in local and state math, science, and English competitions. You will save approximately $25,000 by eliminating a teaching position and $3,000 in support funds if you cut this program from the school curriculum.

The school board would like to see your plan for dealing with the budget crisis, and they want to meet with you in two weeks. What are your recommendations?

Anne rides the subway at a cost of $1 per trip, but would switch if the price were any higher. Her only alternative is a bus that takes five minutes longer, but costs only 50 cents. She makes 10 trips per year. The city is considering renovations of the subway system that would reduce the trip by 10 minutes, but subway fares would rise by 50 cents per trip to cover the costs. The fare increase and reduced travel time both take effect in one year and last forever. The interest rate is 25%.

(a) As far as Anne is concerned, what are the present values of the project’s benefits and costs? [Hint: If the perpetual annual benefit is B and the interest rate r, then the present value is B/r]. The city’s population consists of 20,000 middle-class people, all of whom are identical to Anne, and 5,000 poor people. Poor people are either unemployed or have jobs close to their homes, so they do not use any form of public transportation. What is the net present value of the subway project for the city as a whole? (2 points)

(b) Some members of the city council propose an alternative project that consists of an immediate tax of $1 per middle-class person to provide “free” legal services for the poor in both of the following two years. The legal services are valued at a total of $100,000 per year (Assume that this amount is received at the end of each of the two years). What is the net present value of the legal services project? If the city must choose between the subway project and the legal services project, which should it select? (2 points)

(c) What is the “distributional weight” of each dollar received by a poor person that would make the present values of the two projects equal? Interpret your answer. (2 points)

(d) What is the “distributional weight” of each dollar received by a poor person that would make the present value of the two projects equal if the legal services are made available to middle-income individuals and you are told that they are used by both poor and middleincome people in proportion to their population shares (but still financed exclusively by middle-income people)? (2 points).

(e) Discuss the use of distributional weights in cost-benefit analysis. (2 points)

For part a, the answer I got was $0.00 for net benefits, therefore my answers after I'm not really sure if I have done them right. Could someone help me with these questions so i can check with mine?

RE: NEW-IMPROV AUTO-TOASTER

ATTN: FINANCE LEAD

Congratulations on your new position as Finance Lead! With that out of the way, let’s get down to your first project. Don’t mess this up; your new boss does not take failure well!

Based on the equipment and facilities required for effective production, teams in logistics and requisitions have great confidence that annual fixed costs over 10 years will total $15 million (15,000,000), resulting in a fixed cost of $1.5 million (1,500,000) per year. However, due to irregularities in component and raw material acquisition, we do not have a fixed marginal cost. The data in the attached file are estimates sent to our team by the team in the logistics department.

The attached data for projected revenue per year are based on our market research and production limitations communicated to us by the logistics department here and the lead of production in the Abilene facility.

Since this is your first project as the finance lead, our team has compiled a list of elements we think are necessary to your final report.

1.Use Excel or some other software to generate a function from the data to model cost. We think it should be linear and you should probably call it (x). (2 points)

2.Similarly, you need a revenue function, likely called (x). A cubic function should provide a balance between accuracy and simplicity. However, Excel probably won’t be precise enough. You’ll need to use some other tool for this one. (2 points)

3.Of course, we need a profit function. (2 points)

4.On projects in the past, several items were considered. Find functions for marginal cost (’(x)), marginal revenue (’(x)), and marginal profit (’(x)), as well as for marginal average cost (’(x)), marginal average revenue (’(x)), and marginal average profit (’(x)). (4 points each, 24 total)

5.A few production levels are needed by management to make commitments on the project. They’ll want to know which levels achieve: maximum average revenue, maximum average profit, and maximum profit. (5 points each, 15 total) You should also report the profit at each of those levels. (2 points each, 6 total)

6.Based on these findings, what production level do you recommend? Why? (5 points)

(in hundreds of thousands) (in millions of USD) (in millions of USD)
items produced cost revenue
0 1.5 0
20 1.945 1.586
40 2.487 2.528
60 2.951 3.415
80 3.631 4.455
100 3.877 4.963
120 4.253 5.242
140 4.927 5.364
160 5.413 5.302
180 5.949 5.352
200 6.558 5.457

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