2. A buyer has purchased four units of good X. The marginal benefit of the fifth unit of X exceeds the marginal cost of the fifth unit of good X. Which of the following reasons explains why the buyer should purchase the fifth unit?
I. The marginal net benefit of the fifth unit is positive.
II. Buying the fifth unit will increase total benefits by more than total costs.
III. Buying the fifth unit will increase total benefits and decrease total costs.
a) I only
b) I and II only
c) II only
d) I, II, III
2. A buyer has purchased four units of good X. The marginal benefit of the fifth unit of X exceeds the marginal cost of the fifth unit of good X. Which of the following reasons explains why the buyer should purchase the fifth unit?
I. The marginal net benefit of the fifth unit is positive.
II. Buying the fifth unit will increase total benefits by more than total costs.
III. Buying the fifth unit will increase total benefits and decrease total costs.
a) I only
b) I and II only
c) II only
d) I, II, III
Related textbook solutions
Related questions
Considering the demand side of a market for a good, it is reasonable to expect that:
i. demand curves for a given good are identical between consumers
ii. demand curves for a given good differ between consumers
iii. an individual has identical demand curves for different goods
iv. an individual has different demand curves for different goods
| i |
| ii |
| iii |
| iv |
| i and iii |
| ii and iv |
Suppose the market demand curve for a good is represented by the linear equation Q = 60 - 0.75P. If the market price were to increase from P = $20 to P = $40, then holding all other factors constant:
| the quantity demanded would decrease by 10 units and total expenditures on the good would decrease by $400 |
| the quantity demanded would decrease by 15 units and total expenditures on the good would increase by $300 |
| the quantity demanded would decrease by 30 units and total expenditures on the good would increase by $1200 |
| the quantity demanded would increase by 20 units and total expenditures on the good would decrease by $800 |
| the quantity demanded would increase by 10 units and total expenditures on the good would increase by $100 |
| the quantity demanded would increase by 25 units and total expenditures on the good would increase by $1000 |
A perfectly competitive firms supply curve for a good identifies the:
i. minimum quantity supplied at each price, holding all other factors constant
ii. firms minimum willingness to accept for each incremental unit of the good (e.g., the first unit, second unit, etc.), holding all other factors constant
iii. maximum quantity supplied at each price, holding all other factors constant
iv. firms maximum willingness to accept for each incremental unit of the good (e.g., the first unit, second unit, etc.), holding all other factors constant
| i and ii |
| i and iv |
| ii and iii |
| iii and iv |
Considering the supply side of a market for a good, if a firms supply curve were vertical, then:
| the law of supply holds, and quantity supplied is completely insensitive to changes in price |
| the law of supply holds, and quantity supplied is highly sensitive to changes in price |
| the law of supply fails to hold, and quantity supplied is completely insensitive to changes in price |
| the law of supply fails to hold, and quantity supplied is highly sensitive to changes in price |
| none of the above |
The determinants of supply are:
i. factors other than price that will affect the quantity of a good or service a firm is willing and able to purchase
ii. factors that affect a producers maximum willingness-to-accept to produce various quantities of a good
iii. factors that affect a producers minimum willingness-to-accept to produce various quantities of a good
| i |
| ii |
| iii |
| i and ii |
| i and iii |
The market supply curve for a good is derived by:
i. horizontally summing the supply curves of the individual firms in the market
ii. vertically summing the supply curves of the individual firms in the market
iii. summing the quantity supplied by each firm at a given price and then repeating this over the range of prices
| i |
| ii |
| iii |
| i and ii |
| i and iii |
If the level of technology used in the production of a good improves, and assuming the quality of the good does not change, then:
i. more output may be obtained with a given amount of inputs compared to before the technological improvement
ii. a given amount of output may be obtained with fewer inputs compared to before the technological improvement
iii. the firm will increase its use of other inputs, such as the number of workers it employs
iv. market demand for the good will increase
| i |
| ii |
| iii |
| iv |
| i and ii |
| i, ii, and iii |
| i, ii, and iv |
| i, ii, iii, and iv |
Considering the market for gasoline, which of the following would result in an increase in market supply?
i. a decrease in the price of gasoline
ii. an improvement in oil extraction and refining technologies
iii. an increase in the wage rates paid to gasoline refinery workers
iv. a decrease in the price of crude oil, a key input used to produce gasoline
v. the imposition of a federal gasoline tax aimed a decreasing the emission of greenhouse gases
| i |
| ii |
| iii |
| iv |
| v |
| ii and iv |
| i, ii, and iv |
| i, ii, iii, and iv |
| i, ii, iii, iv and v |
Suppose a market has two identical sellers. If each sellers supply function is given by P = 20 + Q, then the market supply function is:
| P = 20 + 0.5Q |
| P = 20 + 2Q |
| P = 40 + Q |
| P = 40 + 2Q |
From the market framework discussed in class and the readings, it may be concluded that in order for a good to be exchanged between a seller and a buyer, it must be that:
| buyer maximum willingness-to-pay is greater than seller minimum willingness-to-accept |
| buyer maximum willingness-to-pay is greater than or equal to seller minimum willingness-to-accept |
| buyer minimum willingness-to-pay is greater than or equal to seller maximum willingness-to-accept |
| buyer minimum willingness-to-pay is greater than seller maximum willingness-to-accept |
If the market demand function is given by P = 80 - 0.3Q and the market supply is given by P = 20 + 0.1Q, then the equilibrium price and quantity are:
| P = $35 and Q = 150 |
| P = $65 and Q = 150 |
| P = $26 and Q = 60 |
| P = $28 and Q = 80 |
Of concern are the affects of sustained summer droughts on the domestic supply of wheat. Noting that wheat is a primary ingredient in the production of bread and that potatoes are a substitute for bread, if the supply of wheat declines then it is reasonable to expect:
| the price of wheat to fall, the supply of bread to increase, and the demand for potatoes to increase |
| the price of wheat to fall, the supply of bread to increase, and the demand for potatoes to decrease |
| the price of wheat to rise, the supply of bread to decrease, and the demand for potatoes to decrease |
| the price of wheat to rise, the supply of bread to decrease, and the demand for potatoes to increase |
| the price of wheat to rise, the supply of bread to increase, and the demand for potatoes to increase |
| the price of wheat to rise, the supply of bread to increase, and the demand for potatoes to decrease |
Suppose a perfectly competitive market is initially in equilibrium. If market demand and supply decrease simultaneously, then equilibrium:
| price will rise, but the equilibrium quantity may either rise, fall, or remain unchanged |
| quantity will rise, but the equilibrium price may either rise, fall, or remain unchanged |
| price will fall, but the equilibrium quantity may either rise, fall, or remain unchanged |
| quantity will fall, but the equilibrium price may either rise, fall, or remain unchanged |
Considering the demand side of a market for a good, the consumer surplus derived by an individual:
i. is the difference between the maximum amount the consumer is willing to pay on each unit and the minimum prices that producers are willing to accept
ii. is the difference between the minimum amount the consumer is willing to pay on each unit and the price he/she
actually pays
iii. is the difference between the maximum amount the consumer is willing to pay on each unit and the price he/she actually pays
iv. will decrease if price increases
| i |
| ii |
| iii |
| i and iv |
| ii and iv |
| iii and iv |
Suppose the market demand for a good is described by the equation P = 120 - 2Q. If a change in market supply results in price decreasing from P0 = $80 to P1 = $70, then the resulting change in consumer surplus is:
| $225 |
| $400 |
| $575 |
| $625 |
| $750 |
#7
If a monopolist or a perfectly competitive firm is producing at a break-even point, then:
i. average revenue is equal to average variable cost
ii. average revenue is equal to average total cost
iii. total revenue is equal to total variable cost
iv. total revenue is equal to total cost
| i |
| ii |
| iii |
| i and iii |
| ii and iv |
#8
A natural monopoly, such as a local electricity provider, is the result of:
i. a firm owning or controlling a key input used in the production process
ii. economies of scale existing over a wide range of output
iii. long-run average total costs declining continuously as output increases
iv. long-run total costs declining continuously as output increases
| i |
| ii |
| iii |
| iv |
| ii and iii |
| ii and iv |
| ii, iii, and iv |
#9
What do economies of scale, the exclusive ownership of essential raw materials used in the production process, and patents have in common?
| they are all barriers to entry |
| they all help explain why a monopolists demand and marginal revenue curves are identical |
| they must all be present before a monopolist may practice price discrimination |
| they all help explain why a firms short run average total cost curve is U-shaped |
#10
The principle that a firm should produce up to the point where the marginal revenue (MR) from the sale of an extra unit of output is equal to the marginal cost (MC) of producing the extra unit applies:
| to both perfectly competitive firms and monopolies |
| only to monopolies |
| only to perfectly competitive firms |
| only to firms that can employ discriminatory pricing strategies |
#11
A monopoly is producing a level of output such that marginal revenue is equal to marginal cost. The firm is selling its output at a price of $8 per unit and is incurring average variable costs of $5 per unit and average total costs of $10 per unit. Given this information, it may be concluded that the firm:
| is operating at maximum total profit |
| is operating at a loss that could be reduced by shutting down |
| is operating at a profit that could be increased by producing more output |
| is operating at a loss that is less than the loss incurred by shutting down |
#12
Suppose the demand function for a profit maximizing monopolists good is P = 120 - 0.2Q, its total cost function is TC = 40 + 4Q + Q2, and its marginal cost function is MC = 4 + 2Q. If the firm uses a uniform pricing strategy, then rounded to the nearest unit of output and to the nearest dollar the firm will:
| produce 48 units of output, charge a price of $110, and earn a total profit of $5280 |
| produce 48 units of output, charge a price of $110, and earn a total profit of $2744 |
| produce 52 units of output, charge a price of $134, and earn a total profit of $5322 |
| produce 52 units of output, charge a price of $134, and earn a total profit of $4016 |
