1) In the citric acid cycle, a five-carbon compound is decarboxylated to yield an activated four- carbon compound. Show the substrate and product in this step, and indicate where any cofactor(s) participate(s).
2) CO2 is produced in two reactions in the citric acid cycle. For each of these reactions, name the reactant and product, name the enzyme, and show how any cofactors participate.
3) In which reaction of the citric acid cycle does substrate-level phosphorylation occur? 4) Explain in quantitative terms the circumstances under which the following reaction can
proceed.
L-Malate + NAD+ ® oxaloacetate + NADH + H+ DG'° = +29.7 kJ/mol
5) You are in charge of genetically engineering a new bacterium that will derive all of its ATP from sunlight by photosynthesis. Will you put the enzymes of the citric acid cycle in this organism? Briefly explain why or why not.
6) Germinating plant seeds can convert stored fatty acids into oxaloacetate and a variety of carbohydrates. Animals cannot synthesize significant quantities of oxaloacetate or glucose from fatty acids. What accounts for this difference?
1) In the citric acid cycle, a five-carbon compound is decarboxylated to yield an activated four- carbon compound. Show the substrate and product in this step, and indicate where any cofactor(s) participate(s).
2) CO2 is produced in two reactions in the citric acid cycle. For each of these reactions, name the reactant and product, name the enzyme, and show how any cofactors participate.
3) In which reaction of the citric acid cycle does substrate-level phosphorylation occur? 4) Explain in quantitative terms the circumstances under which the following reaction can
proceed.
L-Malate + NAD+ ® oxaloacetate + NADH + H+ DG'° = +29.7 kJ/mol
5) You are in charge of genetically engineering a new bacterium that will derive all of its ATP from sunlight by photosynthesis. Will you put the enzymes of the citric acid cycle in this organism? Briefly explain why or why not.
6) Germinating plant seeds can convert stored fatty acids into oxaloacetate and a variety of carbohydrates. Animals cannot synthesize significant quantities of oxaloacetate or glucose from fatty acids. What accounts for this difference?
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