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In each of the following circumstances, determine whether the disposal would qualify as a discontinued operation. All companies are calendar year companies and the transactions are occurring in 2017. Give citations from the ASC to justify your answer.

1. An entity manufactures and sells consumer products that are grouped into five major product lines. Each product line includes several brands that comprise the lowest where operations and cash flows that can be clearly distinguished, operationally and for financial reporting purposes, from the rest of the entity. Product line 1 is made up of almost 100 different individual products. Due to declining sales 3 products in Product line 1 were discontinued during the year.

2. An entity manufactures and sells consumer products that are grouped into five major product lines. Each product line includes several brands that comprise the lowest where operations and cash flows that can be clearly distinguished, operationally and for financial reporting purposes, from the rest of the entity. Product line 3 which makes up between 20 & 25% of the entity’s total revenues has experienced significant market declines while the other product lines have been growing. As a result, the entity has decided to sale its operations associated with Product line 3.

3. An entity operates restaurants in several states. For that entity, each restaurant comprises operations and cash flows that can be clearly distinguished, operationally and for financial reporting purposes, from the rest of the entity. As a result of an above market offer for two of its restaurants in the state of Alabama, the entity sold these restaurants. These two restaurants produced between 1 & 3% of the entity’s total revenues and comprised about 1.5% of the entity’s total assets.

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Casey Durgan
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28 Sep 2019

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Background

Clothing sales have risen dramatically in recent years, thanks to several trends that appear likely to continue. It was reported that the global demand for clothing looks set to increase significantly over the coming decade as millions of people in developing countries enter the middle class and spend more on apparel. It also seems the demand for fast fashion will only continue to grow (Remy et al. 2016). This is further supported by a new research from Kurt Salmon, part of Accenture Strategy, one in eight younger consumers (18 to 24 year olds) shopping every week and buying a fashion item at least once a fortnight (Accenture 2017). Clothing production doubled from 2000 to 2014, and the number of garments purchased each year by the average consumer increased by 60 percent. Fast fashion has been a particularly hot segment and a source of enviable growth for some clothing companies (Remy et al. 2016).

The process of making a piece of clothing involves multiple suppliers across the supply chain in the following processes including: farmers who grow the raw materials; ginners receive cotton from multiple growers and sell to the global market through traders; spinners use cotton from a variety of origins to produce yarn and fabric mills produce cloth. The manufacturing process begins which involves cutting, sewing, trimming, embroidery, orienting, and washing. Next, the manufacturers ship the garments wholesale to the brand that placed the orders who distributes garments globally to retail and online stores (Human Rights Watch 2017). At the end of its life, the apparel/garments may either be recycled or discarded and go to landfill. The manufacturing usually involves multiple suppliers in a very complex supply chain, which reduces transparency and visibility along the complex value chain. Brands therefore are not aware of what happen at their suppliers’ business along the supply chain. Brands also do not typically deal directly with all those suppliers, and many do not bother to dig deep into their supply chains (Gunther 2016).

On the other hand, consumers are, attracted by the low cost and constantly update product ranges with new styles and designs. Consumers are buying these clothes much more often and in greater quantities, but often wearing them only a handful of times before discarding them. This fast-fashion industry and ecosystem consumes large amounts of natural resources in the production, which ultimately accelerating carbon emissions and global warming. The industry has also been linked to a number of cases of worker abuses in countries producing the garments. The workers were underpaid and exposed to unsafe and poor workplace conditions, particularly when handling materials like cotton and leather that require extensive processing (Remy et al. 2016). One example is the disaster at Rana Plaza, which is one of the deadliest accidents in the fashion industry happened on 24th April 2013. (The Economist 4th May 2013). Over 1,130 people were killed and 2,500 more were injured when the Rana Plaza factory complex collapsed in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It was reported that people crushed under those eight floors were working for dozens of familiar multinational brands and retailers. It is ‘one of the many negligent accidents that plague the garment industry’ (Fashion Revolution CIC 2015, p.4).

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Assignment Tasks

Assume you are a newly appointed accountant in a local fashion company -RTXM Clothing Company (RTXM) - based in Melbourne, Australia. This is a private family business with 20 shareholders. Currently, the company has seven different departments, include Accounting and Finance, R&D (product design and development), Salesand Marketing, Human Resources, Information Technology, Distribution and Logistics, and Merchandising, with a total of 130 employees. Managers in each department are given the authority regarding operational decisions and their performance is measured based on the company’s profit, and all the other employees receive the fixed salary package. The company pays taxes to Australia Taxation Office (ATO) on a regular basis.

Originally, the business offered only t-shirts and jeans. As the business was trying to join the growing fast fashion industry, it expanded its product lines to include dress, trousers, shorts, hoodies & sweats, socks, shoes, and bags. The objective was to provide a wide selection of product lines in order to reach more fashion conscious consumers. A characteristic of them market is consumers are mainly attracted by low price, and frequent new styles and designs, so the company also seeks to find the suppliers with low prices. The business has retail stores in the major city across Australia and online store. Since the company expanded its product line, managers from different departments found the number of complaints received from customers have tripled. Most complaints are related to the product quality (products are either defective or damaged), items consistently out of stock, online shopping experience (delivery of wrong items and long response time to emails), and in-store experience (lack of attention from sales representatives), and some customers have posted complaints on RTXM social media.

In order to enhance the overall performance, the company is considering using a range of key performance indicators in managing its performance. This is to ensure that the company keeps track of its performance and to achieve the objectives they set for the identified issues.

In addition, the CEO and senior management decide to find new suppliers to improve the product quality, however, they encountered a dilemma. On the one hand, they found a supplier in Bangladesh, Super Cheap who can provide a large range of products to fit in their business expansion plan with a competitive price and all products can be supplied in a short time frame. However, after a careful investigation into this company’s background, they found this supplier has a major issue with labor conditions throughout their supply chains, including the use of child labor, low wages, and health and safety hazards, and long working hours. In terms of the environmental aspect, Super Cheap consumes a few thousand litres of water to produce a cotton t-shirt and over ten-thousand litres to produce a pair of jeans, and wastewater discharge into the local river, and it did not take any action to solve this issue. The polluted water is no longer fit for drinking or laundry, fishes no longer exist in this river, and local residences complain that their homes are flooded by dirty water.

On the other hand, RTXM has another potential supplier, called Green Fashion, who only provides limited product range with a higher price, and products can be supplied in a reasonable time frame. However, Green Fashion takes account of sustainability and makes it as part of their business, and their sustainability agenda has been presented on its website,

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including fashion designs that is kind to the environment, they also ethically source materials and labour, promote work-life balance of the employee in the retail business, and provide incentives to their local and outsourcing partners and their employees if their targets are met. The CEO and management of RTXM learnt that Green Fashion has very similar values and sustainability agenda. RTXM considers sustainability as part of the business. It is reported on their websites that the company wants to rethink fashion designs so that they are kind to the environment, to ethically source materials and labour, promote work-life balance of the employee in the retail business, and provide incentives to their local and outsourcing partners and their employees if their targets are met.

Required:

As an accountant of the company, you would like to have a better understanding of how the sustainability of the company will impact on the stakeholders. You believe the most efficient way is to identify important stakeholders. Refer to the case and identify five relevant stakeholder groups and discuss how different accounts could be used to satisfy each group’s information requirements.

Background Clothing sales have risen dramatically in recent years, thanks to several trends that appear likely to continue. It was reported that the global demand for clothing looks set to increase significantly over the coming decade as millions of people in developing countries enter the middle class and spend more on apparel. It also seems the demand for fast fashion will only continue to grow (Remy et al. 2016). This is further supported by a new research from Kurt Salmon, part of Accenture Strategy, one in eight younger consumers (18 to 24 year olds) shopping every week and buying a fashion item at least once a fortnight (Accenture 2017). Clothing production doubled from 2000 to 2014, and the number of garments purchased each year by the average consumer increased by 60 percent. Fast fashion has been a particularly hot segment and a source of enviable growth for some clothing companies (Remy et al. 2016). The process of making a piece of clothing involves multiple suppliers across the supply chain in the following processes including: farmers who grow the raw materials; ginners receive cotton from multiple growers and sell to the global market through traders; spinners use cotton from a variety of origins to produce yarn and fabric mills produce cloth. The manufacturing process begins which involves cutting, sewing, trimming, embroidery, orienting, and washing. Next, the manufacturers ship the garments wholesale to the brand that placed the orders who distributes garments globally to retail and online stores (Human Rights Watch 2017). At the end of its life, the apparel/garments may either be recycled or discarded and go to landfill. The manufacturing usually involves multiple suppliers in a very complex supply chain, which reduces transparency and visibility along the complex value chain. Brands therefore are not aware of what happen at their suppliers’ business along the supply chain. Brands also do not typically deal directly with all those suppliers, and many do not bother to dig deep into their supply chains (Gunther 2016). On the other hand, consumers are, attracted by the low cost and constantly update product ranges with new styles and designs. Consumers are buying these clothes much more often and in greater quantities, but often wearing them only a handful of times before discarding them. This fast-fashion industry and ecosystem consumes large amounts of natural resources in the production, which ultimately accelerating carbon emissions and global warming. The industry has also been linked to a number of cases of worker abuses in countries producing the garments. The workers were underpaid and exposed to unsafe and poor workplace conditions, particularly when handling materials like cotton and leather that require extensive processing (Remy et al. 2016). One example is the disaster at Rana Plaza, which is one of the deadliest accidents in the fashion industry happened on 24th April 2013. (The Economist 4th May 2013). Over 1,130 people were killed and 2,500 more were injured when the Rana Plaza factory complex collapsed in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It was reported that people crushed under those eight floors were working for dozens of familiar multinational brands and retailers. It is ‘one of the many negligent accidents that plague the garment industry’ (Fashion Revolution CIC 2015, p.4). 2 Assignment Tasks Assume you are a newly appointed accountant in a local fashion company -RTXM Clothing Company (RTXM) - based in Melbourne, Australia. This is a private family business with 20 shareholders. Currently, the company has seven different departments, include Accounting and Finance, R&D (product design and development), Salesand Marketing, Human Resources, Information Technology, Distribution and Logistics, and Merchandising, with a total of 130 employees. Managers in each department are given the authority regarding operational decisions and their performance is measured based on the company’s profit, and all the other employees receive the fixed salary package. The company pays taxes to Australia Taxation Office (ATO) on a regular basis. Originally, the business offered only t-shirts and jeans. As the business was trying to join the growing fast fashion industry, it expanded its product lines to include dress, trousers, shorts, hoodies & sweats, socks, shoes, and bags. The objective was to provide a wide selection of product lines in order to reach more fashion conscious consumers. A characteristic of them market is consumers are mainly attracted by low price, and frequent new styles and designs, so the company also seeks to find the suppliers with low prices. The business has retail stores in the major city across Australia and online store. Since the company expanded its product line, managers from different departments found the number of complaints received from customers have tripled. Most complaints are related to the product quality (products are either defective or damaged), items consistently out of stock, online shopping experience (delivery of wrong items and long response time to emails), and in-store experience (lack of attention from sales representatives), and some customers have posted complaints on RTXM social media. In order to enhance the overall performance, the company is considering using a range of key performance indicators in managing its performance. This is to ensure that the company keeps track of its performance and to achieve the objectives they set for the identified issues. In addition, the CEO and senior management decide to find new suppliers to improve the product quality, however, they encountered a dilemma. On the one hand, they found a supplier in Bangladesh, Super Cheap who can provide a large range of products to fit in their business expansion plan with a competitive price and all products can be supplied in a short time frame. However, after a careful investigation into this company’s background, they found this supplier has a major issue with labor conditions throughout their supply chains, including the use of child labor, low wages, and health and safety hazards, and long working hours. In terms of the environmental aspect, Super Cheap consumes a few thousand litres of water to produce a cotton t-shirt and over ten-thousand litres to produce a pair of jeans, and wastewater discharge into the local river, and it did not take any action to solve this issue. The polluted water is no longer fit for drinking or laundry, fishes no longer exist in this river, and local residences complain that their homes are flooded by dirty water. On the other hand, RTXM has another potential supplier, called Green Fashion, who only provides limited product range with a higher price, and products can be supplied in a reasonable time frame. However, Green Fashion takes account of sustainability and makes it as part of their business, and their sustainability agenda has been presented on its website, 3 including fashion designs that is kind to the environment, they also ethically source materials and labour, promote work-life balance of the employee in the retail business, and provide incentives to their local and outsourcing partners and their employees if their targets are met. The CEO and management of RTXM learnt that Green Fashion has very similar values and sustainability agenda. RTXM considers sustainability as part of the business. It is reported on their websites that the company wants to rethink fashion designs so that they are kind to the environment, to ethically source materials and labour, promote work-life balance of the employee in the retail business, and provide incentives to their local and outsourcing partners and their employees if their targets are met.

3. The CEO believes the company was attractive because of its previous low price strategy but has also noticed unprecedented awareness from customers on the company’s social responsibilities. The CEO approaches you to discuss the selection of supplier, which supplier is better for company’s strategic development. Provide an explanation to the CEO with reference to the potential costs and benefits of working with both Super Cheap and Green Fashion.

KRAYDEN’S CYCLE COMPONENTS INTRODUCTION: COMPANY, PRODUCT, AND SUPPLY CHAIN

Krayden’s Cycle Components (KCC) is a high-end specialty fabricator that manufactures one product with many variants. The basic product is known as a rolling chassis, a key component used in manufacturing motorcycles. While there are variations across the industry, a rolling chassis typically consists of a motorcycle frame, front forks, wheels and tires, and handlebars.1

KCC is a first-tier supplier to an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) that produces motorcycles in three versions: Sport, Cruising, and Retro. The OEM purchases KCC product and attaches its well-known proprietary engine and gearbox, wiring and gauges, seat, fenders, various components, and gas tank with iconic emblem. The OEM is KCC’s sole customer as it essentially requires KCC’s full capacity.

KCC manufactures each frame from steel tubing but purchases a variety of parts from suppliers. Workers at KCC attach these parts to the frame to complete the rolling chassis. Figure 1 illustrates the supply chain. The suppliers of wheels, front forks, and handlebars are second-tier suppliers. These vendors provide parts that are ready to be attached to the frame. The tire vendor is considered a third-tier supplier. The company that builds the wheels acquires tires (that meet contract specifications directly negotiated by the OEM) and provides a complete wheel assembly ready to be attached to the front fork and rear frame.

KCC has had numerous problems with delivery and quality over the past several years. Because the problems have been so acute, the company has employed four different plant managers in the last five years. Management acknowledges the supply chain has difficulties; unfortunately, there is virtually no room for error in meeting delivery schedules and product quality targets. Further, KCC has been under increased scrutiny from its stockholders because earnings have deteriorated over the past three years. See Tables 1-4 for KCC’s financial information (income statement, balance sheet, statement of cash flows, and unit cost information).

The economic recession that ended around the summer of 2009 has enabled the OEM to expand production and sales. The company’s sales have increased by 1,000 units per year since 2010. By 2015, KCC was delivering 30,000 units to the OEM; management believes this level of output represents capacity. Thus, production above 30,000 units is not possible without staff overtime or an investment in additional plant resources that will increase hourly throughput. Management at KCC has received notice that the OEM plans to increase production by 3,750 units next year (12.5%) and to demand price concessions of $200 per unit as specified in the contract.

THE PRODUCT MIX AND OUTSOURCED PARTS

The OEM produces motorcycles for three different market niches; therefore, KCC produces three distinctly different frame geometries as follows.

Sport bikes emphasize speed and agility. Customers expect rapid acceleration and responsive handling.

Cruising bikes emphasize power and comfort. They allow riders to enjoy long-distance touring.

Retro bikes appeal to customers who appreciate classic designs. They are typically smaller than cruising bikes and more stable than sport bikes.

For each frame geometry, the OEM offers three possible handlebar types. Because riders are various sizes, handlebars can be configured in a variety of heights, widths, and lengths (straight bars or bars pulled back toward the rider).

The OEM offers three different wheel set possibilities. Wheel sets consist of one front wheel and one rear wheel. The different wheel designs are:

Chrome spokes.

Cast aluminum polished (silver) alloy wheels.

Cast aluminum anodized (black) alloy wheels.

The OEM offers four unique tire choices for each frame type. Thus, KCC could purchase as many as 12 different tire models to meet market demand (three frame types x four different tires per frame). Factors that differentiate the tires include:

Bias-ply (characterized by a round profile and tall sidewalls).

Radial (characterized by a flat profile and short sidewalls).

Grip (soft—better road grip but shorter tread life; hard—poorer road grip, but longer tread life).

Tread design (differences in the number of grooves in the tire pattern).

Number of layers (known as plies) from which the tire is constructed; using more layers results in a stiffer tire.

The OEM contracts directly with the tire manufacturer to supply specific tires to the wheel manufacturer. Much engineering effort has gone into identifying the proper tires and wheels for each type of motorcycle. The wheel vendor receives and mounts the appropriate tire on the wheel set and then delivers the set to KCC. The tire manufacturer sells its products to different OEMs, as well as to aftermarket customers.

Recently, the OEM has complained to KCC about chassis that vibrate and exhibit poor handling qualities when the completed motorcycle is test driven. Engineers at KCC have traced the source of the problem to the tire manufacturer. A wheel/tire combination that is not balanced properly causes vibration and is a control and safety issue. The solution requires placing the wheel/tire set on a machine to determine the location of the imperfection causing the imbalance. A small weight is attached to the wheel to offset the tire imperfection and to remove the vibration. Because of pressure from the OEM to deliver a quality chassis, KCC purchased a wheel balancing machine and tested each set before installing it on their chassis. The quality delivered to the OEM has improved, but management at KCC is unhappy because the OEM refuses to increase the contract price to help offset KCC’s additional cost of equipment and labor.

The supply chain has additional complications. One of KCC’s suppliers (a second-tier supplier that produces handlebars) is also a subsidiary of the holding company that owns KCC. This supplier has contracts with manufacturers of bicycles, scooters, and power chairs. On several occasions, this supplier has missed scheduled deliveries. When confronted, management explained they had external customers whose orders must be filled. At certain times of the year, demand exceeds the supplier’s ability to meet it. As a result, KCC management has scrambled to find suitable suppliers (at much greater cost) in order to meet their own delivery schedules.

PROCESS DESCRIPTION

KCC receives an order from the OEM exactly three hours before the specific chassis is needed on the OEM’s assembly line. The company employs four production line workers who are cross-trained to perform multiple functions.

Figure 2 illustrates the manufacturing process for KCC, a manufacturing cell that includes the following processes:

Step 1. Tube cutting and assembly. Steel tubes arrive by forklift at Step 1, the cutting and welding process.

Cutting. Using a computer numerically controlled (CNC) machine, steel tubes are bent and cut to proper angles and lengths that match the engineering design specifications for each frame type—Sport, Cruising, or Retro.

Welding. After the tubes are cut, they are clamped to a jig that holds them stationary at the proper angle for welding. A robot tack-welds each joint, which is a temporary weld to hold the assembly in preparation for final welding. Once the frame is completely assembled by tack welds, the robot permanently welds the joints.

Step 2. Weld cleanup and preparation. The welded metal frame advances to the next process where the welds are smoothed and polished, then to a cleaning bath where the frame is cleansed of oils and surface contamination prior to the powder coating process.

Step 3. Powder coating. KCC powder coats, rather than paints, the frames. Consistent with environmental sustainability issues, the powder coating process emits almost zero volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In addition, any overspray can be captured and reused. Powder coating is a dry powder that does not require a solvent. The powder coating is robotically sprayed within a booth by a nozzle that imparts a negative electrical charge to the powder. The powder electrostatically adheres to the grounded frame. The frame is heated to approximately 400 degrees Fahrenheit for around three minutes to melt the powder that flows to produce a smooth, strong, glossy finish.

Step 4. Fork assembly. The forks are manually attached to the frame.

Step 5. Tire balancing. The wheel/tire set is tested for balance, and any necessary modifications are made.

Step 6. Wheel/tire assembly. The wheel/tire assembly is manually attached to the frame.

Step 7. Handlebar mounting. The handlebars are mounted on the frame.

Step 8. Loading the frames. The frames are carefully loaded into a cargo trailer for transport.

KCC’S JUST-IN-TIME/ JUST-IN-SEQUENCE INVENTORY SYSTEM

The OEM produces motorcycles for eight hours each weekday. KCC makes eight deliveries (once per hour) during this period. The frames are delivered just-in-time (JIT) and just-in-sequence (JIS). JIS delivery implies the first frame unloaded from the truck is the next frame needed for production by the OEM. KCC is linked to the OEM’s production information system via an electronic data interchange system. The system identifies the appropriate frame geometry, handlebar type, wheel type, and tire specifications for each order.

Management at KCC has been working to improve operating efficiency and profitability. Because KCC operates according to Lean principles, the company strives to hold minimal parts inventory. Thus, on-time delivery and the quality of purchased parts are crucial to keep production lines operating at desired output levels. If KCC causes the OEM to stop its line because of delivery or quality problems, the contract allows the OEM to bill KCC for lost production time at a rate of $2,000 per minute.2 The OEM believes this clause is justified because it loses contribution margin if production is brought to a halt. In some cases, KCC has passed these costs along to second-tier suppliers that caused KCC to miss a delivery.

KCC has met on several occasions with its suppliers to try to resolve supply issues. Vendors have been frustrated by the Lean system demanded by KCC. To reduce their exposure to line stoppage costs, some second-tier suppliers have responded by increasing inventory levels. Additionally, some suppliers have purchased redundant manufacturing equipment on key production processes that can be used if the primary equipment fails, further adding to manufacturing costs.

Management at the OEM believes in developing long-term strategic partnerships with its suppliers. Thus, each supplier is rewarded with a multiyear contract. The OEM prefers to use a single supplier for each component, rather than to contract with two (or more) different companies for a component. KCC has the exclusive contract to produce rolling chassis for the OEM, and has recently been awarded the next contract covering five years of production. As a result, KCC made significant investments in retooling and plant modernization during the current year. Unfortunately, the investments did not increase KCC’s capacity sufficiently to meet expected demand.

THE MANAGEMENT DILEMMA

KCC’s management operates as one participant in a complex supply chain. They are managing relationships involving multitier suppliers and a demanding delivery schedule. Further, stockholders are expressing concern over KCC’s declining profitability in recent years. Management has not developed a plan for addressing the increase in production required by the OEM, nor have they developed an understanding of the financial consequences of accepting the new contract.

Question:

The OEM produces its final product in three versions with many variants. How many unique product combinations are possible? Explain. What are some examples of complexity (and related costs) that result from offering three product versions with many variants? What challenges does this complexity present for management accountants?

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