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Accounting deals with the process of recording financial transactions pertaining to a business entity. Accounting involves summarizing, analyzing and reporting these transactions to oversight agencies, regulators and tax collection entities.

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in Accounting·
31 Oct 2023

You have been assigned to examine the financial statements of Mari, Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2023.  You discover the following situations in February 2024.

 

1. On December 31, 2023, Mari, Inc. decided to change the depreciation method on its machinery from double-declining-balance to straight-line.  The Machinery had an original cost of $100,000 when purchased on January 2, 2022. It has a 10-year useful life and $5,300 salvage value.  Depreciation expense recorded prior to 2023 under the double-declining-balance method was $20,000. Mari, Inc. has already recorded 2023 depreciation expense of $16,000. 

 

2. The physical inventory count has been incorrectly counted resulting in the following errors. 

                                          December 2021     Overstated      $7,600

                                           December 2022     Understated    $5,200

                                           December 2023     Overstated    $5,600 

 

3. Mari, Inc. purchased $3,400 of supplies on September 4, 2023, recording a debit to Supplies Expense and credit to Cash.  The Supplies account had a balance of $450 on January 1, 2023.  A count revealed there were $700 on hand on December 31, 2023. No entries have been made to Supplies all year

 

4. In 2023, the company sold equipment for $7,200 that had a book value of $4,200 and originally cost $60,000.  The company credited the proceeds from the sale to the Equipment account. The company made the following entry: 

 

                        Cash                                                           7,200

                                        Gain on Sale of Equipment                    7,200 

 

5. Mari, Inc. has not recorded any depreciation for a machine they purchased on October 1, 2021. They paid $250,000 for the machine which has a salvage value of $10,000 and useful life of 6 years. 

 

6. The company has estimated warranty expense to be 1.8% in the past and made an entry for $145,00 in 2023.  However, the company decided that it should only be 1.6% this year which amounts to $125,000.

 

7. A trademark was acquired January 2, 2022 for $40,000.  No amortization has been recorded since its acquisition.  The maximum allowable amortization period is 10 years

 

8. A $24,000 insurance premium was paid on September 1, 2022, for a six month policy that expires on February 28, 2023, was charged to insurance expense in 2022

 

9. In July 2021, a competitor company filed a patent-infringement suit against Jordan, Inc. claiming damages of $140,000.  In December 2021 the company's legal counsel has indicated that an unfavorable verdict is probable and a reasonable estimate of the court's award to the competitor is $85,000.  

 

                      The company made the following entry in 2023

                               Patent-infringement Expense           85,000 

                                         Lawsuit Liability                                    85,000

 

10. Mari, Inc. has not accrued commissions payable at the end of each of the last 3 years, as follows. Salaries are expensed when paid the 1st week of January in 2024.

                                          December 2021        $3,800 

                                           December 2022        $5,300 

                                           December 2023        $4,200

 

Reported Net Income is: 

      2021 

$745,000 

      2022 

$720,000 

      2023 

$690,000 

Instructions:

A. Assume the trial balance has been prepared but the books HAVE NOT been closed for 2023. Assuming all amounts are material, prepare journal entries showing the adjustments that are required.  (Ignore income tax considerations).   

 

B. Assume the trial balance has been prepared but the books HAVE been closed for 2023. Assuming all amounts are material, prepare journal entries showing the adjustments that are required.  (Ignore income tax considerations).   

 

C. Put together a schedule correcting net incomes for 2021, 2022 and 2023 assuming the books HAVE NOT been closed for 2023. 

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in Accounting·
9 Oct 2023

Pittman Company is a small but growing manufacturer of telecommunications equipment. The company has no sales force of its own; rather, it relies completely on independent sales agents to market its products. These agents are paid a sales commission of 15% for all items sold.

 

Barbara Cheney, Pittman’s controller, has just prepared the company’s budgeted income statement for next year as follows:
 

Pittman Company Budgeted Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31 Sales   $ 26,000,000 Manufacturing expenses:     Variable $ 11,700,000   Fixed overhead 3,640,000 15,340,000 Gross margin   10,660,000 Selling and administrative expenses:     Commissions to agents 3,900,000   Fixed marketing expenses 182,000*   Fixed administrative expenses 2,200,000 6,282,000 Net operating income   4,378,000 Fixed interest expenses   910,000 Income before income taxes   3,468,000 Income taxes (30%)   1,040,400 Net income   $ 2,427,600

 

*Primarily depreciation on storage facilities.

 

As Barbara handed the statement to Karl Vecci, Pittman’s president, she commented, “I went ahead and used the agents’ 15% commission rate in completing these statements, but we’ve just learned that they refuse to handle our products next year unless we increase the commission rate to 20%.”

 

“That’s the last straw,” Karl replied angrily. “Those agents have been demanding more and more, and this time they’ve gone too far. How can they possibly defend a 20% commission rate?”

 

“They claim that after paying for advertising, travel, and the other costs of promotion, there’s nothing left over for profit,” replied Barbara.

 

“I say it’s just plain robbery,” retorted Karl. “And I also say it’s time we dumped those guys and got our own sales force. Can you get your people to work up some cost figures for us to look at?”

 

“We’ve already worked them up,” said Barbara. “Several companies we know about pay a 7.5% commission to their own salespeople, along with a small salary. Of course, we would have to handle all promotion costs, too. We figure our fixed expenses would increase by $3,900,000 per year, but that would be more than offset by the $5,200,000 (20% × $26,000,000) that we would avoid on agents’ commissions.”

 

The breakdown of the $3,900,000 cost follows:

 

Salaries:   Sales manager $ 162,500 Salespersons 975,000 Travel and entertainment 650,000 Advertising 2,112,500 Total $ 3,900,000

 

“Super,” replied Karl. “And I noticed that the $3,900,000 equals what we’re paying the agents under the old 15% commission rate.”

 

“It’s even better than that,” explained Barbara. “We can actually save $119,600 a year because that’s what we’re paying our auditors to check out the agents’ reports. So our overall administrative expenses would be less.”

 

“Pull all of these numbers together and we’ll show them to the executive committee tomorrow,” said Karl. “With the approval of the committee, we can move on the matter immediately.”

 

Required:

1. Compute Pittman Company’s break-even point in dollar sales for next year assuming:

a. The agents’ commission rate remains unchanged at 15%.

b. The agents’ commission rate is increased to 20%.

c. The company employs its own sales force.


2. Assume that Pittman Company decides to continue selling through agents and pays the 20% commission rate. Determine the dollar sales that would be required to generate the same net income as contained in the budgeted income statement for next year.

 

3. Determine the dollar sales at which net income would be equal regardless of whether Pittman Company sells through agents (at a 20% commission rate) or employs its own sales force.

 

4. Compute the degree of operating leverage that the company would expect to have at the end of next year assuming:

a. The agents’ commission rate remains unchanged at 15%.

b. The agents’ commission rate is increased to 20%.

c. The company employs its own sales force.

Use income before income taxes in your operating leverage computation.

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