ECF1100 Lecture Notes - Economic Surplus, Marginal Cost, Marginal Utility

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elizaa7310

15 Jan 2023

School

Monash Caulfield

Department

Economics

Course

ECF1100

Professor

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Document Summary

Week 4: government policies, market efficiency and costs of taxation and subsidies. Maximisation of consumer and producer surplus under market equilibrium. They describe the opportunity cost customers forgo in order to receive a small advantage from purchasing an item or service. Based on the marginal cost of creating more items, it is the producer"s desire and ability to manufacture an additional unit of a thing. Understanding the fundamental notions that economists use to describe how consumer and producer surplus are related is key when talking about consumer and producer surplus. A demand curve, also known as a marginal benefit curve (mb), and a supply curve, also known as a marginal cost curve, may both be graphed to show the consumer and producer surplus (mc). Consumer surplus is the financial advantage realised when a customer purchases a something for less money than they would typically be prepared to pay.

Related Questions

In a perfectly competitive market, in the long run, the marginal cost of a firm becomes equal to its minimum average total cost.

A) True
B) False

Generally, The price a firm charges for its product is equal to its total revenue divided by the number of units sold.

A) True
B) False

In a perfectly competitive firm to maximize profit a firm must make sure that the price it charges does not exceed its marginal cost.

A) True
B) False

Firms in a competitive market can never make economic profits while they may make biasness (accounting) profits.

A) True
B) False

When a perfectly competitive firm is making a positive economic profit its average revenue must be greater than its average total cost.

A) True
B) False

To maximize its profit a firm always produces at the quantity level where it can charge the highest price and earn the greatest revenue; this strategy is consistent with setting is MC equal to price.

A) True
B) False

When a firm in a competitive market is making a positive economic profit its business profit may be positive or negative.

A) True
B) False

In a perfectly competitive market new entries could result in increases in input prices thus making production costs go up.

A) True
B) False

In a perfectly competitive market, in the long run, each firm produces the maximum amount it can produce and charges the lowest price possible. That is why we consider competitive markets efficient.

A) True
B) False

10.

A monopolist always under-produces and charges a price higher than its MC.

A) True
B) False

11.

As the only supplier in the market a monopolist can charge any price it wishes and buyers have no choice but to pay.

A) True
B) False

12.

The marginal revenue is the additional revenue generated by the last unit of labor hired.

A) True
B) False

13.

The price a monopolist charges may or may not be above its average cost but it is always above its MR.

A) True
B) False

14.

When demand curve is a downward-sloping straight line (linear) marginal revenue will be greater than MC at all output leveles.

A) True
B) False

15.

By setting its MR equal to its MC a monopolist determines the output that would maximize its profit.

A) True
B) False

16.

In the long run each competitive firm would produce at the quantity level where its MC is equal to its MR as well as its ATC.

A) True
B) False

17.

A monopoly always makes an economic profit.

A) True
B) False

18.

When a monopoly's ATC is equal to the price it charges it is making normal economic profits.

A) True
B) False

19.

When a monopoly is making a zero economic profit still its MR>ATC.

A) True
B) False

20.

An increase in demand would enable a monopolist to raise its price while reducing its output.

A) True
B) False

21.

The market supply curve in an increasing-cost industry is:

A) a. upward sloping
B) b. downward sloping
C) c. vertical
D) d. horizontal
E) e. none of the above

22.

The total producer surplus is measured by:

A) a. the area between supply and demand curves.
B) b. the difference between the price the consumer is willing and able to pay and the price suppliers wish to charge to maximize their profits.
C) c. the area between the price consumers actually pay and the demand curve.
D) d. the area between the equilibrium market price and the supply curve.
E) e. the consumer willingness to pay as reflected by the equilibrium market price.

23.

. Economists measure economic (social) welfare by the

A) a. net consumer surplus
B) b. sum of consumer and producer surplus
C) c. sum of the net profits made by the industry's competitive firms
D) d. price consumers are willing to pay for one additional unit of a good
E) e. difference between the total consumer surplus and total producer surplus

lilacfish21

_____ 1. Suppose you make silver jewelry. If the price of silver falls, we would expect you to:

a. be willing and able to produce less jewelry than before at each possible price.

b. be willing and able to produce more jewelry than before at each possible price.

c. face greater demand for your jewelry.

d. face a weaker demand for your jewelry.

_____ 2. If suppliers expect the price of their product to fall in the future, then they will:

a. increase supply (supply curve shifts out) now.

b. decrease supply (supply curve shifts in) now.

c. increase supply in the future, but not now.

d. decrease supply in the future, but not now.

_____ 3. Consider the market for portable air conditioners, initially in equilibrium. When a heatwave strikes, the equilibrium price:

a. increases and equilibrium quantity decreases.

b. decreases, and the equilibrium quantity increases.

c. and quantity both increase.

d. and quantity both decrease.

_____ 4. Buyers can buy all they want to buy and sellers can sell all they want to sell at:

a. prices at and above the equilibrium price.

b. prices at and below the equilibrium price.

c. prices above and below the equilibrium price, but not at the equilibrium price.

d. the equilibrium price, but not at prices above or below the equilibrium price.

_____ 5. The law of supply and demand states that:

a. demand and supply curves shift out as time goes by.

b. the price of a goodwill rise in response to excess demand for that good.

c. when the supply curve for good shifts, the demand curve for that good shifts in response.

d. the equilibrium price of goodwill be rising more often than it will be falling.

_____ 6. If Doritos and Cheetos are substitutes, a rise in the price of Cheetos will cause:

a. the equilibrium quantity of Doritos to fall and the price of Doritos to rise.

b. the equilibrium quantity and price of Doritos to rise.

c. the equilibrium quantity and price of Doritos to fall.

d. the equilibrium quantity of Doritos to rise and the price of Doritos to fall.

_____ 7. New production technology is perfected that allows auto manufacturers to build an automobile using half the labor hours formerly needed. As a result:

a. the equilibrium quantity of automobiles increases and the price decreases.

b. the equilibrium quantity and price of automobiles increase.

c. the equilibrium quantity and price of automobiles decreases.

d. there is likely no change in the number of automobiles produced.

_____ 8. The U.S. government announces that it will raise the interest rate on college student loans beginning in January of next year. The immediate market impact is:

a. the demand curve for student loans shifts out.

b. the supply curve for student loans shifts out.

c. we anticipate that more student loans will be completed next year than this year.

d. all of the above are correct.

_____ 9. What curve shift produces a fall in price and increase in quantity exchanged?

a. An inward shift in the demand curve.

b. An inward shift in the supply curve.

c. An outward shift in the supply curve.

d. An outward shift in the demand curve.

_____ 10. We note that fewer motorcycles were sold this year than last and that the price is also lower. What event could have caused this outcome?

a. A technological change that improved the fuel efficiency of motorcycles.

b. A rise in the wages paid to motorcycle manufacturing workers.

c. A motorcycle craze due to the popularity of Sons of Anarchy.

d. Increasing concerns about health impacts from breathing motorcycle exhaust.

_____ 11. The price that results in quantity supplied equaling quantity demanded is the optimal (best) price because it:

a. maximizes the combined welfare of buyers and sellers.

b. maximizes the cost of the seller.

c. minimizes the expenditure of buyers.

d. all of the above are correct.

_____ 12. Consumer surplus is the:

a. quantity of good consumers get without paying anything.

b. amount a consumer pays minus the amount the consumer is willing to pay.

c. amount a consumer is willing to pay minus the amount the consumer pays.

d. value of a good to a consumer.

_____ 13. In a market, the marginal buyer is the one:

a. whose willingness to pay is higher than all other buyers and potential buyers.

b. whose willingness to pay is lower than all other buyers and potential buyers.

c. who is willing to buy exactly one unit of the good.

d. who would be the first to leave the market if the price were any higher.

_____ 14. If a consumer is willing and able to pay $20 for a particular good and if she actually pays $16 for the good, then her consumer surplus is:

a. $4.

b. $16.

c. $20.

d. $36.

_____ 15. Suppose there is an early freeze in California that reduces the size of the orange crop. What happens to consumer surplus in the market for oranges?

a. Consumer surplus increases.

b. Consumer surplus decreases.

c. Consumer surplus is not affected by this change.

d. We would have to know whether the demand for oranges is elastic or inelastic.

_____ 16. Producer surplus is the area on a supply/demand graph:

a. under the supply curve.

b. between the supply and demand curves.

c. below the price line and above the supply curve.

d. under the demand curve and above the price line.

_____ 17. Economists typically measure economic efficiency using:

a. total producer and consumer surplus.

b. profits to firms.

c. the quantity supplied by sellers.

d. the price paid by buyers.

_____ 18. Which of the following statements is correct?

a. Efficiency and equality are both maximized when total surplus is maximized.

b. Efficiency deals with the size of the economic pie; equality with how fairly the pie is sliced.

c. Efficiency is more difficult to evaluate than equality.

d. Equality is judged on positive grounds; efficiency requires normative judgments.

_____ 19. The price elasticity of demand measures how much:

a. quantity demanded a response to changes in price.

b. quantity demanded a response to changes in income.

c. price responds to a change in demand.

d. Both a and c are correct

_____ 20. Goods with many close substitutes tend to have:

a. less elastic demands.

b. more elastic demands.

c. price elasticities of demand that are unit elastic.

d. income elasticities that are negative.

Short Answer Questions:

All of the following questions are based on the data shown here for coffee demand and supply at a fictional Columbus coffee shop called Go-bucks.

Price Quantity Quantity

per Cup Demanded Supplied

$1.60 1,700 1,220

$1.80 1,555 1,300

$2.00 1,400 1,400

$2.20 1,235 1,520

$2.40 1,060 1,660

$2.60 875 1,820

_____ 21. (6 points) Using the mid-point formula, calculate the price elasticity of demand as the price increases from $1.60 to $1.80.

_____ 22. (6 points) Repeat the calculation of the price elasticity of demand, this time for a price increase from $1.80 to $2.00.

_____ 23. (6 points) Repeat the calculation of the price elasticity of demand, this time for a price increase from $2.40 to $2.60.

24. (4 points) Over which price range is demand inelastic? Over which price range is demand elastic? Does this follow the trend noted in class?

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____ 25. (6 points) Turning to the supply side, calculate the price elasticity of supply as the price increases from $2.20 to $2.40.

26. (2 points) How would you describe the price elasticity of supply over this range?

_____________________________________________________________________________

graychimpanzee865

Managers of a monopoly under rate of return regulation have an incentive to

a. underestimate the firm's costs.

b. exaggerate the firm's costs.

c. minimize the monopoly's deadweight loss.

d. exaggerate the firm's profit.

e. earn zero economic profit.

Which of the following is correct?
i. All linear demand curves have a constant slope and a constant price elasticity of demand.
ii. The price elasticity of demand changes while moving along a downward-sloping linear demand curve.
iii. The magnitude of the slope of all linear demand curves is equal to the price elasticity of demand.

a. iii only.

b. ii only.

c. i, ii, and iii.

d. i only.

e. i and ii.

________ natural monopolies is a commonly used, potential solution to the problems presented by natural monopolies.

a. Giving incentives to firms to become

b. Regulating

c. Breaking up firms that are

d. Outlawing price discrimination by

e. Refusing to grant patents to

In the short run, a perfectly competitive firm

a. must suffer an economic loss.

b. must earn an economic profit.

c. might make an economic profit, incur an economic loss, or make a normal profit.

d. must make either an economic profit or a normal profit.

e. must earn a normal profit.

To determine if a market is an oligopoly, we need to determine if

a. cartels are legal in their market.

b. the firms are so few that they recognize their mutual interdependencies.

c. the firms make identical or differentiated products.

d. there are many firms in the market.

e. the market's HHI is less than 900.

Increasing marginal returns to labor

a. occur only when there are increasing marginal returns to capital.

b. are the result of specialization and division of labor in the production process.

c. describe the portion of a total product curve where the marginal product is negative.

d. mean that two workers produce less than twice the output of one worker.

e. occur when a particularly efficient worker is employed.

The return to entrepreneurship, which is what the firm's owner could earn running another business, is known as

a. entrepreneur's profit.

b. economic profit.

c. excessive profit.

d. accounting profit.

normal profit.

Both price supports and a price floor can

a. decrease the price below the equilibrium price.

b. increase consumer surplus.

c. create a deadweight loss.

d. decrease output below the equilibrium quantity.

e. have no effect on producer surplus.

In economics, cost is ________, and benefit is ________.

a. the amount of money that you pay for something; the amount of money that someone else is willing to pay you
b. what you must give up to get something; what you are willing to give up to get it
c. the amount of money that you pay on the margin; the amount of money that you receive on the margin
d. what you are willing to give up to get it; what you must give up to get something
e. what you are willing to pay on the margin; what the government pays you when you are unemployed or retired

If a substitute good is easy to find, then demand for a good is

a. unit elastic.

b. perfectly inelastic.

c. elastic.

d. inelastic.

e. Substitutes don't have any effect on elasticity.

ECF1100 Lecture Notes - Economic Surplus, Marginal Cost, Marginal Utility

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