BREEDING OF FIELD & HORTICULTURAL CROPS Lecture Notes - Panicle, Langra, Anacardiaceae

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oualiyacine1995

19 Oct 2022

School

APU

Department

American Language and Culture Institute

Course

BREEDING OF FIELD & HORTICULTURAL CROPS

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Flower starts opening early in the morning from 4-7 a. m. and maximum flowers open between 9. 30-10. 30 a. m. and complete 11. a. m. 11. 30 a. m. and it continues up to 3. 45 p. m. The pollen grains are oval, or triangular or oblong. Stigma becomes receptive even 18 hours before flower opening. Mode of pollination is entomophily; nectar is present to attract the insects. The flowering duration is usually of short i. e. 2 to 3 weeks. The mango inflorescence or panicle bears mainly two types of flowers male and perfect. The number of flowers per panicle varies between 1000 to 6000 depending upon the variety and climatic factors. The percentage of perfect flowers varies between 0. 74 per cent in rumani, 16. 41 to 55. 7 per cent in neelum and up to 69. 8 per cent in langra. Hybridization: since a large number of male and perfect flowers are borne on a mango panicle, it requires a special crossing technique.

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Data Set 3

An entomologist was interested in the species of insects which pollinate flowers. She selected two plant species, annual sunflowers and blue sage. In addition to the difference in color, sunflowers have a broad open flower (actually a cluster of many tiny flowers) while blue sage is a smaller, more tubular flower. She then recorded the type and number of insects which visited the flowers of each plant species. Rather than report individual species, she decided to group the insects by family and report the number of visitations by all species of the same family as a percentage of the total number of visitations. Her data is listed below.

Insect family	% of total no. of visits to sunflower	% of total no. of visits to sage
Butterflies (Lepidoptera)	22.3	46.3
Bees and Wasps (Hymenoptera)	37.9	39.9
Beetles (Coleoptera)	28.7	0.5
Flies (Diptera)	9.8	12.3
true bugs (Hymenoptera)	1.3	1
Total Percentage	100	100

Hint: you might want to present this data as 2 separate graphs.

Which insect family serves as the most important pollinator both for sunflower and sage?

Which insect family has the greatest difference in visitation percentage between sunflower and sage?

Based on this data and other knowledge you have about different insects, formulate a hypothesis to explain why different types of insects visit flowers at different frequencies.

1.Why are flowering plants so successful? (Hint: think about the assistance most flowers get with fertilization and dispersal)

2.What could be an advantage of a species having imperfect flowers?

3.Technically speaking, what is a fruit? Explain the differences between simple, aggregate and multiple fruits.

14. Which of the following statements best describes the findings of experimental studies by Barrett and colleagues aimed at determining the function of the unbranched inflorescence in the Rat's Tail flowering plant from South Africa? i. Removal of the rat's tail increased self-fertilization. ii. The rat's tail served as a perch for birds dispersing pollen. iii. Plants without perches produced more seeds than those without iv. The perch facilitates cross-pollination between flowers on a plant. a. i, ii b. ii, iii c. iii, iv d. ii, iv

BREEDING OF FIELD & HORTICULTURAL CROPS Lecture Notes - Panicle, Langra, Anacardiaceae

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